diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 38b0b26d4..edd8be947 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -16,34 +16,34 @@
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
 
 # -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
 # coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
-extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.doctest']
+extensions = ["sphinx.ext.autodoc", "sphinx.ext.doctest"]
 
 autoclass_content = "both"
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u'Elasticsearch'
-copyright = u'2013, Honza Král'
+project = u"Elasticsearch"
+copyright = u"2013, Honza Král"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #
 
 import elasticsearch
+
 # The short X.Y version.
 version = elasticsearch.__versionstr__
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
@@ -58,40 +59,40 @@
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
-#language = None
+# language = None
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
-#default_role = None
+# default_role = None
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-#add_function_parentheses = True
+# add_function_parentheses = True
 
 # If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
 # unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
+# add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+pygments_style = "sphinx"
 
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
 
 # If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
-#keep_warnings = False
+# keep_warnings = False
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
@@ -99,11 +100,12 @@
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
 
-on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
+on_rtd = os.environ.get("READTHEDOCS", None) == "True"
 
 if not on_rtd:  # only import and set the theme if we're building docs locally
     import sphinx_rtd_theme
-    html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+
+    html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
     html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
@@ -113,116 +115,119 @@
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
-#html_theme_options = {}
+# html_theme_options = {}
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-#html_theme_path = []
+# html_theme_path = []
 
 # The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
 # "<project> v<release> documentation".
-#html_title = None
+# html_title = None
 
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
+# html_short_title = None
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
-#html_logo = None
+# html_logo = None
 
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
+# html_favicon = None
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
+# html_use_smartypants = True
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-#html_sidebars = {}
+# html_sidebars = {}
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
+# html_domain_indices = True
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#html_use_index = True
+# html_use_index = True
 
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
+# html_split_index = False
 
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-#html_show_sourcelink = True
+# html_show_sourcelink = True
 
 # If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_sphinx = True
+# html_show_sphinx = True
 
 # If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_copyright = True
+# html_show_copyright = True
 
 # If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
 # contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
 # base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
 
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
+# html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'Elasticsearchdoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "Elasticsearchdoc"
 
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #'preamble': '',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
 latex_documents = [
-  ('index', 'Elasticsearch.tex', u'Elasticsearch Documentation',
-   u'Honza Král', 'manual'),
+    (
+        "index",
+        "Elasticsearch.tex",
+        u"Elasticsearch Documentation",
+        u"Honza Král",
+        "manual",
+    )
 ]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
+# latex_logo = None
 
 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_use_parts = False
 
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
@@ -230,12 +235,11 @@
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
 man_pages = [
-    ('index', 'elasticsearch-py', u'Elasticsearch Documentation',
-     [u'Honza Král'], 1)
+    ("index", "elasticsearch-py", u"Elasticsearch Documentation", [u"Honza Král"], 1)
 ]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
@@ -244,19 +248,25 @@
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-  ('index', 'Elasticsearch', u'Elasticsearch Documentation',
-   u'Honza Král', 'Elasticsearch', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        "index",
+        "Elasticsearch",
+        u"Elasticsearch Documentation",
+        u"Honza Král",
+        "Elasticsearch",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    )
 ]
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
 
 # If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
-#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/cat.py b/elasticsearch/client/cat.py
index 717f99026..f20d8af40 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/cat.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/cat.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from .utils import NamespacedClient, query_params, _make_path, SKIP_IN_PATH
 
+
 class CatClient(NamespacedClient):
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def aliases(self, name=None, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -19,11 +20,13 @@ def aliases(self, name=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'aliases', name), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "aliases", name), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('bytes', 'size', 'format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout',
-        's', 'v')
+    @query_params(
+        "bytes", "size", "format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v"
+    )
     def allocation(self, node_id=None, params=None):
         """
         Allocation provides a snapshot of how shards have located around the
@@ -45,10 +48,11 @@ def allocation(self, node_id=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'allocation', node_id), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "allocation", node_id), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('size', 'format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("size", "format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def count(self, index=None, params=None):
         """
         Count provides quick access to the document count of the entire cluster,
@@ -68,11 +72,11 @@ def count(self, index=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat', 'count',
-            index), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "count", index), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'ts',
-        'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "ts", "v")
     def health(self, params=None):
         """
         health is a terse, one-line representation of the same information from
@@ -91,10 +95,9 @@ def health(self, params=None):
         :arg ts: Set to false to disable timestamping, default True
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/health',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat/health", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('help', 's')
+    @query_params("help", "s")
     def help(self, params=None):
         """
         A simple help for the cat api.
@@ -104,10 +107,22 @@ def help(self, params=None):
         :arg s: Comma-separated list of column names or column aliases to sort
             by
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat', params=params)
-
-    @query_params('bytes', 'time', 'size', 'format', 'h', 'health', 'help', 'local',
-        'master_timeout', 'pri', 's', 'v')
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat", params=params)
+
+    @query_params(
+        "bytes",
+        "time",
+        "size",
+        "format",
+        "h",
+        "health",
+        "help",
+        "local",
+        "master_timeout",
+        "pri",
+        "s",
+        "v",
+    )
     def indices(self, index=None, params=None):
         """
         The indices command provides a cross-section of each index.
@@ -133,10 +148,11 @@ def indices(self, index=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'indices', index), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "indices", index), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def master(self, params=None):
         """
         Displays the master's node ID, bound IP address, and node name.
@@ -153,11 +169,9 @@ def master(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/master',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat/master", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('format', 'full_id', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout',
-        's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "full_id", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def nodes(self, params=None):
         """
         The nodes command shows the cluster topology.
@@ -176,10 +190,11 @@ def nodes(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/nodes',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat/nodes", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('bytes', 'time', 'size', 'format', 'h', 'help', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params(
+        "bytes", "time", "size", "format", "h", "help", "master_timeout", "s", "v"
+    )
     def recovery(self, index=None, params=None):
         """
         recovery is a view of shard replication.
@@ -198,10 +213,22 @@ def recovery(self, index=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'recovery', index), params=params)
-
-    @query_params('bytes', 'time', 'size', 'format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "recovery", index), params=params
+        )
+
+    @query_params(
+        "bytes",
+        "time",
+        "size",
+        "format",
+        "h",
+        "help",
+        "local",
+        "master_timeout",
+        "s",
+        "v",
+    )
     def shards(self, index=None, params=None):
         """
         The shards command is the detailed view of what nodes contain which shards.
@@ -222,10 +249,11 @@ def shards(self, index=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'shards', index), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "shards", index), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('bytes', 'size', 'format', 'h', 'help', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("bytes", "size", "format", "h", "help", "s", "v")
     def segments(self, index=None, params=None):
         """
         The segments command is the detailed view of Lucene segments per index.
@@ -242,10 +270,11 @@ def segments(self, index=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'segments', index), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "segments", index), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def pending_tasks(self, params=None):
         """
         pending_tasks provides the same information as the
@@ -264,11 +293,11 @@ def pending_tasks(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/pending_tasks',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", "/_cat/pending_tasks", params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'size',
-        'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "size", "v")
     def thread_pool(self, thread_pool_patterns=None, params=None):
         """
         Get information about thread pools.
@@ -289,11 +318,13 @@ def thread_pool(self, thread_pool_patterns=None, params=None):
             '', 'k', 'm', 'g', 't', 'p'
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'thread_pool', thread_pool_patterns), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET",
+            _make_path("_cat", "thread_pool", thread_pool_patterns),
+            params=params,
+        )
 
-    @query_params('bytes', 'format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout',
-        's', 'v')
+    @query_params("bytes", "format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def fielddata(self, fields=None, params=None):
         """
         Shows information about currently loaded fielddata on a per-node basis.
@@ -314,10 +345,11 @@ def fielddata(self, fields=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'fielddata', fields), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "fielddata", fields), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def plugins(self, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -334,10 +366,9 @@ def plugins(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/plugins',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat/plugins", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def nodeattrs(self, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -354,10 +385,9 @@ def nodeattrs(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/nodeattrs',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat/nodeattrs", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def repositories(self, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -374,11 +404,13 @@ def repositories(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/repositories',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", "/_cat/repositories", params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'ignore_unavailable', 'master_timeout',
-        's', 'v')
+    @query_params(
+        "format", "h", "help", "ignore_unavailable", "master_timeout", "s", "v"
+    )
     def snapshots(self, repository, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -399,11 +431,21 @@ def snapshots(self, repository, params=None):
         """
         if repository in SKIP_IN_PATH:
             raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument 'repository'.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'snapshots', repository), params=params)
-
-    @query_params('actions', 'detailed', 'format', 'h', 'help', 'nodes',
-        'parent_task_id', 's', 'v')
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "snapshots", repository), params=params
+        )
+
+    @query_params(
+        "actions",
+        "detailed",
+        "format",
+        "h",
+        "help",
+        "nodes",
+        "parent_task_id",
+        "s",
+        "v",
+    )
     def tasks(self, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -425,10 +467,9 @@ def tasks(self, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cat/tasks',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_cat/tasks", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('format', 'h', 'help', 'local', 'master_timeout', 's', 'v')
+    @query_params("format", "h", "help", "local", "master_timeout", "s", "v")
     def templates(self, name=None, params=None):
         """
         `<https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/cat-templates.html>`_
@@ -445,6 +486,6 @@ def templates(self, name=None, params=None):
             by
         :arg v: Verbose mode. Display column headers, default False
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cat',
-            'templates', name), params=params)
-
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cat", "templates", name), params=params
+        )
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/cluster.py b/elasticsearch/client/cluster.py
index d1da9ea9b..be694e3e8 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/cluster.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/cluster.py
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 from .utils import NamespacedClient, query_params, _make_path
 
+
 class ClusterClient(NamespacedClient):
-    @query_params('level', 'local', 'master_timeout', 'timeout',
-        'wait_for_active_shards', 'wait_for_events',
-        'wait_for_no_relocating_shards', 'wait_for_nodes',
-        'wait_for_status', 'wait_for_no_initializing_shards')
+    @query_params(
+        "level",
+        "local",
+        "master_timeout",
+        "timeout",
+        "wait_for_active_shards",
+        "wait_for_events",
+        "wait_for_no_relocating_shards",
+        "wait_for_nodes",
+        "wait_for_status",
+        "wait_for_no_initializing_shards",
+    )
     def health(self, index=None, params=None):
         """
         Get a very simple status on the health of the cluster.
@@ -30,10 +39,11 @@ def health(self, index=None, params=None):
         :arg wait_for_status: Wait until cluster is in a specific state, default
             None, valid choices are: 'green', 'yellow', 'red'
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cluster',
-            'health', index), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cluster", "health", index), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('local', 'master_timeout')
+    @query_params("local", "master_timeout")
     def pending_tasks(self, params=None):
         """
         The pending cluster tasks API returns a list of any cluster-level
@@ -45,11 +55,18 @@ def pending_tasks(self, params=None):
             master node (default: false)
         :arg master_timeout: Specify timeout for connection to master
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET',
-            '/_cluster/pending_tasks', params=params)
-
-    @query_params('allow_no_indices', 'expand_wildcards', 'flat_settings',
-        'ignore_unavailable', 'local', 'master_timeout')
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", "/_cluster/pending_tasks", params=params
+        )
+
+    @query_params(
+        "allow_no_indices",
+        "expand_wildcards",
+        "flat_settings",
+        "ignore_unavailable",
+        "local",
+        "master_timeout",
+    )
     def state(self, metric=None, index=None, params=None):
         """
         Get a comprehensive state information of the whole cluster.
@@ -72,11 +89,12 @@ def state(self, metric=None, index=None, params=None):
         :arg master_timeout: Specify timeout for connection to master
         """
         if index and not metric:
-            metric = '_all'
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_cluster',
-            'state', metric, index), params=params)
+            metric = "_all"
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_cluster", "state", metric, index), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('flat_settings', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("flat_settings", "timeout")
     def stats(self, node_id=None, params=None):
         """
         The Cluster Stats API allows to retrieve statistics from a cluster wide
@@ -91,13 +109,14 @@ def stats(self, node_id=None, params=None):
         :arg flat_settings: Return settings in flat format (default: false)
         :arg timeout: Explicit operation timeout
         """
-        url = '/_cluster/stats'
+        url = "/_cluster/stats"
         if node_id:
-            url = _make_path('_cluster/stats/nodes', node_id)
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', url, params=params)
+            url = _make_path("_cluster/stats/nodes", node_id)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", url, params=params)
 
-    @query_params('dry_run', 'explain', 'master_timeout', 'metric',
-        'retry_failed', 'timeout')
+    @query_params(
+        "dry_run", "explain", "master_timeout", "metric", "retry_failed", "timeout"
+    )
     def reroute(self, body=None, params=None):
         """
         Explicitly execute a cluster reroute allocation command including specific commands.
@@ -117,11 +136,11 @@ def reroute(self, body=None, params=None):
             too many subsequent allocation failures
         :arg timeout: Explicit operation timeout
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('POST', '/_cluster/reroute',
-            params=params, body=body)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "POST", "/_cluster/reroute", params=params, body=body
+        )
 
-    @query_params('flat_settings', 'include_defaults', 'master_timeout',
-        'timeout')
+    @query_params("flat_settings", "include_defaults", "master_timeout", "timeout")
     def get_settings(self, params=None):
         """
         Get cluster settings.
@@ -134,10 +153,11 @@ def get_settings(self, params=None):
             node
         :arg timeout: Explicit operation timeout
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_cluster/settings',
-            params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", "/_cluster/settings", params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('flat_settings', 'master_timeout', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("flat_settings", "master_timeout", "timeout")
     def put_settings(self, body=None, params=None):
         """
         Update cluster wide specific settings.
@@ -150,10 +170,11 @@ def put_settings(self, body=None, params=None):
             node
         :arg timeout: Explicit operation timeout
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('PUT', '/_cluster/settings',
-            params=params, body=body)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "PUT", "/_cluster/settings", params=params, body=body
+        )
 
-    @query_params('include_disk_info', 'include_yes_decisions')
+    @query_params("include_disk_info", "include_yes_decisions")
     def allocation_explain(self, body=None, params=None):
         """
         `<http://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/cluster-allocation-explain.html>`_
@@ -165,6 +186,6 @@ def allocation_explain(self, body=None, params=None):
         :arg include_yes_decisions: Return 'YES' decisions in explanation
             (default: false)
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET',
-            '/_cluster/allocation/explain', params=params, body=body)
-
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", "/_cluster/allocation/explain", params=params, body=body
+        )
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/indices.py b/elasticsearch/client/indices.py
index 8d33fd38d..d371dde4d 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/indices.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/indices.py
@@ -79,7 +79,10 @@ def flush(self, index=None, params=None):
         )
 
     @query_params(
-        "master_timeout", "request_timeout", "wait_for_active_shards", "include_type_name"
+        "master_timeout",
+        "request_timeout",
+        "wait_for_active_shards",
+        "include_type_name",
     )
     def create(self, index, body=None, params=None):
         """
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/ingest.py b/elasticsearch/client/ingest.py
index 4a2def47e..c3144e6ed 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/ingest.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/ingest.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from .utils import NamespacedClient, query_params, _make_path, SKIP_IN_PATH
 
+
 class IngestClient(NamespacedClient):
-    @query_params('master_timeout')
+    @query_params("master_timeout")
     def get_pipeline(self, id=None, params=None):
         """
         `<https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/plugins/current/ingest.html>`_
@@ -10,10 +11,11 @@ def get_pipeline(self, id=None, params=None):
         :arg master_timeout: Explicit operation timeout for connection to master
             node
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_ingest',
-            'pipeline', id), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_ingest", "pipeline", id), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "timeout")
     def put_pipeline(self, id, body, params=None):
         """
         `<https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/plugins/current/ingest.html>`_
@@ -27,10 +29,11 @@ def put_pipeline(self, id, body, params=None):
         for param in (id, body):
             if param in SKIP_IN_PATH:
                 raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('PUT', _make_path('_ingest',
-            'pipeline', id), params=params, body=body)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "PUT", _make_path("_ingest", "pipeline", id), params=params, body=body
+        )
 
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "timeout")
     def delete_pipeline(self, id, params=None):
         """
         `<https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/plugins/current/ingest.html>`_
@@ -42,10 +45,11 @@ def delete_pipeline(self, id, params=None):
         """
         if id in SKIP_IN_PATH:
             raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument 'id'.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('DELETE', _make_path('_ingest',
-            'pipeline', id), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "DELETE", _make_path("_ingest", "pipeline", id), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('verbose')
+    @query_params("verbose")
     def simulate(self, body, id=None, params=None):
         """
         `<https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/plugins/current/ingest.html>`_
@@ -57,5 +61,9 @@ def simulate(self, body, id=None, params=None):
         """
         if body in SKIP_IN_PATH:
             raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument 'body'.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_ingest',
-            'pipeline', id, '_simulate'), params=params, body=body)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET",
+            _make_path("_ingest", "pipeline", id, "_simulate"),
+            params=params,
+            body=body,
+        )
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/remote.py b/elasticsearch/client/remote.py
index 9cbb26070..7f859823e 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/remote.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/remote.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 from .utils import NamespacedClient, query_params, _make_path, SKIP_IN_PATH
 
+
 class RemoteClient(NamespacedClient):
     @query_params()
     def info(self, params=None):
         """
         `<http://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/cluster-remote-info.html>`_
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_remote/info',
-            params=params)
-
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_remote/info", params=params)
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/snapshot.py b/elasticsearch/client/snapshot.py
index a57cebedf..88aed52c3 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/snapshot.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/snapshot.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from .utils import NamespacedClient, query_params, _make_path, SKIP_IN_PATH
 
+
 class SnapshotClient(NamespacedClient):
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'wait_for_completion')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "wait_for_completion")
     def create(self, repository, snapshot, body=None, params=None):
         """
         Create a snapshot in repository
@@ -18,10 +19,14 @@ def create(self, repository, snapshot, body=None, params=None):
         for param in (repository, snapshot):
             if param in SKIP_IN_PATH:
                 raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('PUT', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository, snapshot), params=params, body=body)
-
-    @query_params('master_timeout')
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "PUT",
+            _make_path("_snapshot", repository, snapshot),
+            params=params,
+            body=body,
+        )
+
+    @query_params("master_timeout")
     def delete(self, repository, snapshot, params=None):
         """
         Deletes a snapshot from a repository.
@@ -35,10 +40,11 @@ def delete(self, repository, snapshot, params=None):
         for param in (repository, snapshot):
             if param in SKIP_IN_PATH:
                 raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('DELETE',
-            _make_path('_snapshot', repository, snapshot), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "DELETE", _make_path("_snapshot", repository, snapshot), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('ignore_unavailable', 'master_timeout', 'verbose')
+    @query_params("ignore_unavailable", "master_timeout", "verbose")
     def get(self, repository, snapshot, params=None):
         """
         Retrieve information about a snapshot.
@@ -56,10 +62,11 @@ def get(self, repository, snapshot, params=None):
         for param in (repository, snapshot):
             if param in SKIP_IN_PATH:
                 raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository, snapshot), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_snapshot", repository, snapshot), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "timeout")
     def delete_repository(self, repository, params=None):
         """
         Removes a shared file system repository.
@@ -72,10 +79,11 @@ def delete_repository(self, repository, params=None):
         """
         if repository in SKIP_IN_PATH:
             raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument 'repository'.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('DELETE',
-            _make_path('_snapshot', repository), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "DELETE", _make_path("_snapshot", repository), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('local', 'master_timeout')
+    @query_params("local", "master_timeout")
     def get_repository(self, repository=None, params=None):
         """
         Return information about registered repositories.
@@ -87,10 +95,11 @@ def get_repository(self, repository=None, params=None):
         :arg master_timeout: Explicit operation timeout for connection to master
             node
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_snapshot", repository), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'timeout', 'verify')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "timeout", "verify")
     def create_repository(self, repository, body, params=None):
         """
         Registers a shared file system repository.
@@ -106,10 +115,11 @@ def create_repository(self, repository, body, params=None):
         for param in (repository, body):
             if param in SKIP_IN_PATH:
                 raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('PUT', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository), params=params, body=body)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "PUT", _make_path("_snapshot", repository), params=params, body=body
+        )
 
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'wait_for_completion')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "wait_for_completion")
     def restore(self, repository, snapshot, body=None, params=None):
         """
         Restore a snapshot.
@@ -126,10 +136,14 @@ def restore(self, repository, snapshot, body=None, params=None):
         for param in (repository, snapshot):
             if param in SKIP_IN_PATH:
                 raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('POST', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository, snapshot, '_restore'), params=params, body=body)
-
-    @query_params('ignore_unavailable', 'master_timeout')
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "POST",
+            _make_path("_snapshot", repository, snapshot, "_restore"),
+            params=params,
+            body=body,
+        )
+
+    @query_params("ignore_unavailable", "master_timeout")
     def status(self, repository=None, snapshot=None, params=None):
         """
         Return information about all currently running snapshots. By specifying
@@ -144,10 +158,13 @@ def status(self, repository=None, snapshot=None, params=None):
         :arg master_timeout: Explicit operation timeout for connection to master
             node
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository, snapshot, '_status'), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET",
+            _make_path("_snapshot", repository, snapshot, "_status"),
+            params=params,
+        )
 
-    @query_params('master_timeout', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("master_timeout", "timeout")
     def verify_repository(self, repository, params=None):
         """
         Returns a list of nodes where repository was successfully verified or
@@ -161,5 +178,6 @@ def verify_repository(self, repository, params=None):
         """
         if repository in SKIP_IN_PATH:
             raise ValueError("Empty value passed for a required argument 'repository'.")
-        return self.transport.perform_request('POST', _make_path('_snapshot',
-            repository, '_verify'), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "POST", _make_path("_snapshot", repository, "_verify"), params=params
+        )
diff --git a/elasticsearch/client/tasks.py b/elasticsearch/client/tasks.py
index 8056bfdd9..d98d3bbdc 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/client/tasks.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/client/tasks.py
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
 from .utils import NamespacedClient, query_params, _make_path, SKIP_IN_PATH
 
+
 class TasksClient(NamespacedClient):
-    @query_params('actions', 'detailed', 'group_by', 'nodes',
-        'parent_task_id', 'wait_for_completion', 'timeout')
+    @query_params(
+        "actions",
+        "detailed",
+        "group_by",
+        "nodes",
+        "parent_task_id",
+        "wait_for_completion",
+        "timeout",
+    )
     def list(self, params=None):
         """
         `<http://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/tasks.html>`_
@@ -22,9 +30,9 @@ def list(self, params=None):
             (default: false)
         :arg timeout: Maximum waiting time for `wait_for_completion`
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', '/_tasks', params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request("GET", "/_tasks", params=params)
 
-    @query_params('actions', 'nodes', 'parent_task_id')
+    @query_params("actions", "nodes", "parent_task_id")
     def cancel(self, task_id=None, params=None):
         """
 
@@ -41,10 +49,11 @@ def cancel(self, task_id=None, params=None):
         :arg parent_task_id: Cancel tasks with specified parent task id
             (node_id:task_number). Set to -1 to cancel all.
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('POST', _make_path('_tasks',
-            task_id, '_cancel'), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "POST", _make_path("_tasks", task_id, "_cancel"), params=params
+        )
 
-    @query_params('wait_for_completion', 'timeout')
+    @query_params("wait_for_completion", "timeout")
     def get(self, task_id=None, params=None):
         """
         Retrieve information for a particular task.
@@ -55,5 +64,6 @@ def get(self, task_id=None, params=None):
             (default: false)
         :arg timeout: Maximum waiting time for `wait_for_completion`
         """
-        return self.transport.perform_request('GET', _make_path('_tasks',
-            task_id), params=params)
+        return self.transport.perform_request(
+            "GET", _make_path("_tasks", task_id), params=params
+        )
diff --git a/elasticsearch/compat.py b/elasticsearch/compat.py
index c3d5fa287..247c5d6e0 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/compat.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/compat.py
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
 PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
 
 if PY2:
-    string_types = basestring,
+    string_types = (basestring,)
     from urllib import quote_plus, urlencode, unquote
-    from urlparse import  urlparse
+    from urlparse import urlparse
     from itertools import imap as map
     from Queue import Queue
 else:
     string_types = str, bytes
     from urllib.parse import quote_plus, urlencode, urlparse, unquote
+
     map = map
     from queue import Queue
diff --git a/elasticsearch/connection/__init__.py b/elasticsearch/connection/__init__.py
index 6eb68967d..2470bd39b 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/connection/__init__.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/connection/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from .base import Connection
 from .http_requests import RequestsHttpConnection
 from .http_urllib3 import Urllib3HttpConnection, create_ssl_context
-
diff --git a/elasticsearch/connection/base.py b/elasticsearch/connection/base.py
index d4fbe33de..4404ed7f1 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/connection/base.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/connection/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import logging
+
 try:
     import simplejson as json
 except ImportError:
@@ -6,12 +7,12 @@
 
 from ..exceptions import TransportError, HTTP_EXCEPTIONS
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('elasticsearch')
+logger = logging.getLogger("elasticsearch")
 
 # create the elasticsearch.trace logger, but only set propagate to False if the
 # logger hasn't already been configured
-_tracer_already_configured = 'elasticsearch.trace' in logging.Logger.manager.loggerDict
-tracer = logging.getLogger('elasticsearch.trace')
+_tracer_already_configured = "elasticsearch.trace" in logging.Logger.manager.loggerDict
+tracer = logging.getLogger("elasticsearch.trace")
 if not _tracer_already_configured:
     tracer.propagate = False
 
@@ -24,32 +25,43 @@ class Connection(object):
 
     Also responsible for logging.
     """
-    def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=9200, use_ssl=False, url_prefix='', timeout=10, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host="localhost",
+        port=9200,
+        use_ssl=False,
+        url_prefix="",
+        timeout=10,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
         """
         :arg host: hostname of the node (default: localhost)
         :arg port: port to use (integer, default: 9200)
         :arg url_prefix: optional url prefix for elasticsearch
         :arg timeout: default timeout in seconds (float, default: 10)
         """
-        scheme = kwargs.get('scheme', 'http')
-        if use_ssl or scheme == 'https':
-            scheme = 'https'
+        scheme = kwargs.get("scheme", "http")
+        if use_ssl or scheme == "https":
+            scheme = "https"
             use_ssl = True
         self.use_ssl = use_ssl
 
-        self.host = '%s://%s:%s' % (scheme, host, port)
+        self.host = "%s://%s:%s" % (scheme, host, port)
         if url_prefix:
-            url_prefix = '/' + url_prefix.strip('/')
+            url_prefix = "/" + url_prefix.strip("/")
         self.url_prefix = url_prefix
         self.timeout = timeout
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.host)
+        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.host)
 
     def _pretty_json(self, data):
         # pretty JSON in tracer curl logs
         try:
-            return json.dumps(json.loads(data), sort_keys=True, indent=2, separators=(',', ': ')).replace("'", r'\u0027')
+            return json.dumps(
+                json.loads(data), sort_keys=True, indent=2, separators=(",", ": ")
+            ).replace("'", r"\u0027")
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             # non-json data or a bulk request
             return data
@@ -59,17 +71,28 @@ def _log_trace(self, method, path, body, status_code, response, duration):
             return
 
         # include pretty in trace curls
-        path = path.replace('?', '?pretty&', 1) if '?' in path else path + '?pretty'
+        path = path.replace("?", "?pretty&", 1) if "?" in path else path + "?pretty"
         if self.url_prefix:
-            path = path.replace(self.url_prefix, '', 1)
-        tracer.info("curl %s-X%s 'http://localhost:9200%s' -d '%s'",
-                    "-H 'Content-Type: application/json' " if body else '',
-                    method, path, self._pretty_json(body) if body else '')
+            path = path.replace(self.url_prefix, "", 1)
+        tracer.info(
+            "curl %s-X%s 'http://localhost:9200%s' -d '%s'",
+            "-H 'Content-Type: application/json' " if body else "",
+            method,
+            path,
+            self._pretty_json(body) if body else "",
+        )
 
         if tracer.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
-            tracer.debug('#[%s] (%.3fs)\n#%s', status_code, duration, self._pretty_json(response).replace('\n', '\n#') if response else '')
-
-    def log_request_success(self, method, full_url, path, body, status_code, response, duration):
+            tracer.debug(
+                "#[%s] (%.3fs)\n#%s",
+                status_code,
+                duration,
+                self._pretty_json(response).replace("\n", "\n#") if response else "",
+            )
+
+    def log_request_success(
+        self, method, full_url, path, body, status_code, response, duration
+    ):
         """ Log a successful API call.  """
         #  TODO: optionally pass in params instead of full_url and do urlencode only when needed
 
@@ -77,43 +100,56 @@ def log_request_success(self, method, full_url, path, body, status_code, respons
         # TODO: find a better way to avoid (de)encoding the body back and forth
         if body:
             try:
-                body = body.decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
+                body = body.decode("utf-8", "ignore")
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
 
         logger.info(
-            '%s %s [status:%s request:%.3fs]', method, full_url,
-            status_code, duration
+            "%s %s [status:%s request:%.3fs]", method, full_url, status_code, duration
         )
-        logger.debug('> %s', body)
-        logger.debug('< %s', response)
+        logger.debug("> %s", body)
+        logger.debug("< %s", response)
 
         self._log_trace(method, path, body, status_code, response, duration)
 
-    def log_request_fail(self, method, full_url, path, body, duration, status_code=None, response=None, exception=None):
+    def log_request_fail(
+        self,
+        method,
+        full_url,
+        path,
+        body,
+        duration,
+        status_code=None,
+        response=None,
+        exception=None,
+    ):
         """ Log an unsuccessful API call.  """
         # do not log 404s on HEAD requests
-        if method == 'HEAD' and status_code == 404:
+        if method == "HEAD" and status_code == 404:
             return
         logger.warning(
-            '%s %s [status:%s request:%.3fs]', method, full_url,
-            status_code or 'N/A', duration, exc_info=exception is not None
+            "%s %s [status:%s request:%.3fs]",
+            method,
+            full_url,
+            status_code or "N/A",
+            duration,
+            exc_info=exception is not None,
         )
 
         # body has already been serialized to utf-8, deserialize it for logging
         # TODO: find a better way to avoid (de)encoding the body back and forth
         if body:
             try:
-                body = body.decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
+                body = body.decode("utf-8", "ignore")
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
 
-        logger.debug('> %s', body)
+        logger.debug("> %s", body)
 
         self._log_trace(method, path, body, status_code, response, duration)
 
         if response is not None:
-            logger.debug('< %s', response)
+            logger.debug("< %s", response)
 
     def _raise_error(self, status_code, raw_data):
         """ Locate appropriate exception and raise it. """
@@ -122,12 +158,12 @@ def _raise_error(self, status_code, raw_data):
         try:
             if raw_data:
                 additional_info = json.loads(raw_data)
-                error_message = additional_info.get('error', error_message)
-                if isinstance(error_message, dict) and 'type' in error_message:
-                    error_message = error_message['type']
+                error_message = additional_info.get("error", error_message)
+                if isinstance(error_message, dict) and "type" in error_message:
+                    error_message = error_message["type"]
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as err:
-            logger.warning('Undecodable raw error response from server: %s', err)
-
-        raise HTTP_EXCEPTIONS.get(status_code, TransportError)(status_code, error_message, additional_info)
-
+            logger.warning("Undecodable raw error response from server: %s", err)
 
+        raise HTTP_EXCEPTIONS.get(status_code, TransportError)(
+            status_code, error_message, additional_info
+        )
diff --git a/elasticsearch/connection/http_requests.py b/elasticsearch/connection/http_requests.py
index 1e590fbc3..3a0a3c00f 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/connection/http_requests.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/connection/http_requests.py
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 import time
 import warnings
+
 try:
     import requests
+
     REQUESTS_AVAILABLE = True
 except ImportError:
     REQUESTS_AVAILABLE = False
 
 from .base import Connection
-from ..exceptions import ConnectionError, ImproperlyConfigured, ConnectionTimeout, SSLError
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ImproperlyConfigured,
+    ConnectionTimeout,
+    SSLError,
+)
 from ..compat import urlencode, string_types
 
+
 class RequestsHttpConnection(Connection):
     """
     Connection using the `requests` library.
@@ -27,25 +35,43 @@ class RequestsHttpConnection(Connection):
         separate cert and key files (client_cert will contain only the cert)
     :arg headers: any custom http headers to be add to requests
     """
-    def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=9200, http_auth=None,
-        use_ssl=False, verify_certs=True, ssl_show_warn=True, ca_certs=None, client_cert=None,
-        client_key=None, headers=None, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host="localhost",
+        port=9200,
+        http_auth=None,
+        use_ssl=False,
+        verify_certs=True,
+        ssl_show_warn=True,
+        ca_certs=None,
+        client_cert=None,
+        client_key=None,
+        headers=None,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
         if not REQUESTS_AVAILABLE:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("Please install requests to use RequestsHttpConnection.")
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "Please install requests to use RequestsHttpConnection."
+            )
 
-        super(RequestsHttpConnection, self).__init__(host=host, port=port, use_ssl=use_ssl, **kwargs)
+        super(RequestsHttpConnection, self).__init__(
+            host=host, port=port, use_ssl=use_ssl, **kwargs
+        )
         self.session = requests.Session()
         self.session.headers = headers or {}
-        self.session.headers.setdefault('content-type', 'application/json')
+        self.session.headers.setdefault("content-type", "application/json")
         if http_auth is not None:
             if isinstance(http_auth, (tuple, list)):
                 http_auth = tuple(http_auth)
             elif isinstance(http_auth, string_types):
-                http_auth = tuple(http_auth.split(':', 1))
+                http_auth = tuple(http_auth.split(":", 1))
             self.session.auth = http_auth
-        self.base_url = 'http%s://%s:%d%s' % (
-            's' if self.use_ssl else '',
-            host, port, self.url_prefix
+        self.base_url = "http%s://%s:%d%s" % (
+            "s" if self.use_ssl else "",
+            host,
+            port,
+            self.url_prefix,
         )
         self.session.verify = verify_certs
         if not client_key:
@@ -55,42 +81,76 @@ def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=9200, http_auth=None,
             self.session.cert = (client_cert, client_key)
         if ca_certs:
             if not verify_certs:
-                raise ImproperlyConfigured("You cannot pass CA certificates when verify SSL is off.")
+                raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                    "You cannot pass CA certificates when verify SSL is off."
+                )
             self.session.verify = ca_certs
 
         if self.use_ssl and not verify_certs and ssl_show_warn:
             warnings.warn(
-                'Connecting to %s using SSL with verify_certs=False is insecure.' % self.base_url)
+                "Connecting to %s using SSL with verify_certs=False is insecure."
+                % self.base_url
+            )
 
-    def perform_request(self, method, url, params=None, body=None, timeout=None, ignore=(), headers=None):
+    def perform_request(
+        self, method, url, params=None, body=None, timeout=None, ignore=(), headers=None
+    ):
         url = self.base_url + url
         if params:
-            url = '%s?%s' % (url, urlencode(params or {}))
+            url = "%s?%s" % (url, urlencode(params or {}))
 
         start = time.time()
         request = requests.Request(method=method, headers=headers, url=url, data=body)
         prepared_request = self.session.prepare_request(request)
-        settings = self.session.merge_environment_settings(prepared_request.url, {}, None, None, None)
-        send_kwargs = {'timeout': timeout or self.timeout}
+        settings = self.session.merge_environment_settings(
+            prepared_request.url, {}, None, None, None
+        )
+        send_kwargs = {"timeout": timeout or self.timeout}
         send_kwargs.update(settings)
         try:
             response = self.session.send(prepared_request, **send_kwargs)
             duration = time.time() - start
             raw_data = response.text
         except Exception as e:
-            self.log_request_fail(method, url, prepared_request.path_url, body, time.time() - start, exception=e)
+            self.log_request_fail(
+                method,
+                url,
+                prepared_request.path_url,
+                body,
+                time.time() - start,
+                exception=e,
+            )
             if isinstance(e, requests.exceptions.SSLError):
-                raise SSLError('N/A', str(e), e)
+                raise SSLError("N/A", str(e), e)
             if isinstance(e, requests.Timeout):
-                raise ConnectionTimeout('TIMEOUT', str(e), e)
-            raise ConnectionError('N/A', str(e), e)
+                raise ConnectionTimeout("TIMEOUT", str(e), e)
+            raise ConnectionError("N/A", str(e), e)
 
         # raise errors based on http status codes, let the client handle those if needed
-        if not (200 <= response.status_code < 300) and response.status_code not in ignore:
-            self.log_request_fail(method, url, response.request.path_url, body, duration, response.status_code, raw_data)
+        if (
+            not (200 <= response.status_code < 300)
+            and response.status_code not in ignore
+        ):
+            self.log_request_fail(
+                method,
+                url,
+                response.request.path_url,
+                body,
+                duration,
+                response.status_code,
+                raw_data,
+            )
             self._raise_error(response.status_code, raw_data)
 
-        self.log_request_success(method, url, response.request.path_url, body, response.status_code, raw_data, duration)
+        self.log_request_success(
+            method,
+            url,
+            response.request.path_url,
+            body,
+            response.status_code,
+            raw_data,
+            duration,
+        )
 
         return response.status_code, response.headers, raw_data
 
diff --git a/elasticsearch/connection/pooling.py b/elasticsearch/connection/pooling.py
index 3115e7c2c..dd5431e15 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/connection/pooling.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/connection/pooling.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ class PoolingConnection(Connection):
     ``_make_connection`` method that constructs a new connection and returns
     it.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self._free_connections = queue.Queue()
         super(PoolingConnection, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -30,4 +31,3 @@ def close(self):
         Explicitly close connection
         """
         pass
-
diff --git a/elasticsearch/connection_pool.py b/elasticsearch/connection_pool.py
index c28bb3ccc..05277632c 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/connection_pool.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/connection_pool.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 
 from .exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('elasticsearch')
+logger = logging.getLogger("elasticsearch")
+
 
 class ConnectionSelector(object):
     """
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ class ConnectionSelector(object):
     only select connections from it's own zones and only fall back to other
     connections where there would be none in it's zones.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, opts):
         """
         :arg opts: dictionary of connection instances and their options
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ class RandomSelector(ConnectionSelector):
     """
     Select a connection at random
     """
+
     def select(self, connections):
         return random.choice(connections)
 
@@ -57,15 +60,17 @@ class RoundRobinSelector(ConnectionSelector):
     """
     Selector using round-robin.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, opts):
         super(RoundRobinSelector, self).__init__(opts)
         self.data = threading.local()
 
     def select(self, connections):
-        self.data.rr = getattr(self.data, 'rr', -1) + 1
+        self.data.rr = getattr(self.data, "rr", -1) + 1
         self.data.rr %= len(connections)
         return connections[self.data.rr]
 
+
 class ConnectionPool(object):
     """
     Container holding the :class:`~elasticsearch.Connection` instances,
@@ -88,8 +93,16 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
     live pool. A connection that has been previously marked as dead and
     succeeds will be marked as live (its fail count will be deleted).
     """
-    def __init__(self, connections, dead_timeout=60, timeout_cutoff=5,
-        selector_class=RoundRobinSelector, randomize_hosts=True, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connections,
+        dead_timeout=60,
+        timeout_cutoff=5,
+        selector_class=RoundRobinSelector,
+        randomize_hosts=True,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
         """
         :arg connections: list of tuples containing the
             :class:`~elasticsearch.Connection` instance and it's options
@@ -103,8 +116,9 @@ def __init__(self, connections, dead_timeout=60, timeout_cutoff=5,
             avoid dog piling effect across processes
         """
         if not connections:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("No defined connections, you need to "
-                    "specify at least one host.")
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "No defined connections, you need to " "specify at least one host."
+            )
         self.connection_opts = connections
         self.connections = [c for (c, opts) in connections]
         # remember original connection list for resurrect(force=True)
@@ -144,8 +158,10 @@ def mark_dead(self, connection, now=None):
             timeout = self.dead_timeout * 2 ** min(dead_count - 1, self.timeout_cutoff)
             self.dead.put((now + timeout, connection))
             logger.warning(
-                'Connection %r has failed for %i times in a row, putting on %i second timeout.',
-                connection, dead_count, timeout
+                "Connection %r has failed for %i times in a row, putting on %i second timeout.",
+                connection,
+                dead_count,
+                timeout,
             )
 
     def mark_live(self, connection):
@@ -200,7 +216,7 @@ def resurrect(self, force=False):
 
         # either we were forced or the connection is elligible to be retried
         self.connections.append(connection)
-        logger.info('Resurrecting connection %r (force=%s).', connection, force)
+        logger.info("Resurrecting connection %r (force=%s).", connection, force)
         return connection
 
     def get_connection(self):
@@ -235,15 +251,17 @@ def close(self):
         for conn in self.orig_connections:
             conn.close()
 
+
 class DummyConnectionPool(ConnectionPool):
     def __init__(self, connections, **kwargs):
         if len(connections) != 1:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("DummyConnectionPool needs exactly one "
-                    "connection defined.")
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "DummyConnectionPool needs exactly one " "connection defined."
+            )
         # we need connection opts for sniffing logic
         self.connection_opts = connections
         self.connection = connections[0][0]
-        self.connections = (self.connection, )
+        self.connections = (self.connection,)
 
     def get_connection(self):
         return self.connection
@@ -256,6 +274,5 @@ def close(self):
 
     def _noop(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
-    mark_dead = mark_live = resurrect = _noop
-
 
+    mark_dead = mark_live = resurrect = _noop
diff --git a/elasticsearch/exceptions.py b/elasticsearch/exceptions.py
index 00f1d01ab..c7d83b314 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/exceptions.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/exceptions.py
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 __all__ = [
-    'ImproperlyConfigured', 'ElasticsearchException', 'SerializationError',
-    'TransportError', 'NotFoundError', 'ConflictError', 'RequestError', 'ConnectionError',
-    'SSLError', 'ConnectionTimeout', 'AuthenticationException', 'AuthorizationException'
+    "ImproperlyConfigured",
+    "ElasticsearchException",
+    "SerializationError",
+    "TransportError",
+    "NotFoundError",
+    "ConflictError",
+    "RequestError",
+    "ConnectionError",
+    "SSLError",
+    "ConnectionTimeout",
+    "AuthenticationException",
+    "AuthorizationException",
 ]
 
 
@@ -31,6 +40,7 @@ class TransportError(ElasticsearchException):
     an actual connection error happens; in that case the ``status_code`` will
     be set to ``'N/A'``.
     """
+
     @property
     def status_code(self):
         """
@@ -53,20 +63,28 @@ def info(self):
         return self.args[2]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        cause = ''
+        cause = ""
         try:
-            if self.info and 'error' in self.info:
-                if isinstance(self.info['error'], dict):
-                    root_cause = self.info['error']['root_cause'][0]
-                    cause = ', '.join(filter(None, [repr(root_cause['reason']), root_cause.get('resource.id'),
-                                                    root_cause.get('resource.type')]))
+            if self.info and "error" in self.info:
+                if isinstance(self.info["error"], dict):
+                    root_cause = self.info["error"]["root_cause"][0]
+                    cause = ", ".join(
+                        filter(
+                            None,
+                            [
+                                repr(root_cause["reason"]),
+                                root_cause.get("resource.id"),
+                                root_cause.get("resource.type"),
+                            ],
+                        )
+                    )
 
                 else:
-                    cause = repr(self.info['error'])
+                    cause = repr(self.info["error"])
         except LookupError:
             pass
-        msg = ', '.join(filter(None, [str(self.status_code), repr(self.error), cause]))
-        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, msg)
+        msg = ", ".join(filter(None, [str(self.status_code), repr(self.error), cause]))
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, msg)
 
 
 class ConnectionError(TransportError):
@@ -77,8 +95,11 @@ class ConnectionError(TransportError):
     """
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'ConnectionError(%s) caused by: %s(%s)' % (
-            self.error, self.info.__class__.__name__, self.info)
+        return "ConnectionError(%s) caused by: %s(%s)" % (
+            self.error,
+            self.info.__class__.__name__,
+            self.info,
+        )
 
 
 class SSLError(ConnectionError):
@@ -89,8 +110,10 @@ class ConnectionTimeout(ConnectionError):
     """ A network timeout. Doesn't cause a node retry by default. """
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'ConnectionTimeout caused by - %s(%s)' % (
-            self.info.__class__.__name__, self.info)
+        return "ConnectionTimeout caused by - %s(%s)" % (
+            self.info.__class__.__name__,
+            self.info,
+        )
 
 
 class NotFoundError(TransportError):
diff --git a/elasticsearch/helpers/__init__.py b/elasticsearch/helpers/__init__.py
index c5c81be66..848138bf0 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/helpers/__init__.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/helpers/__init__.py
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-
-
 from .errors import BulkIndexError, ScanError
 from .actions import expand_action, streaming_bulk, bulk, parallel_bulk
 from .actions import scan, reindex
 from .actions import _chunk_actions, _process_bulk_chunk
-
-
diff --git a/elasticsearch/helpers/actions.py b/elasticsearch/helpers/actions.py
index bfdf64187..1d233b464 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/helpers/actions.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/helpers/actions.py
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ def parallel_bulk(
     class BlockingPool(ThreadPool):
         def _setup_queues(self):
             super(BlockingPool, self)._setup_queues()
-            # The queue must be at least the size of the number of threads to 
+            # The queue must be at least the size of the number of threads to
             # prevent hanging when inserting sentinel values during teardown.
             self._inqueue = Queue(max(queue_size, thread_count))
             self._quick_put = self._inqueue.put
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ def scan(
     scroll_id = resp.get("_scroll_id")
 
     try:
-        while scroll_id and resp['hits']['hits']:
+        while scroll_id and resp["hits"]["hits"]:
             for hit in resp["hits"]["hits"]:
                 yield hit
 
diff --git a/elasticsearch/helpers/errors.py b/elasticsearch/helpers/errors.py
index 5f4dc7485..6261822e5 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/helpers/errors.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/helpers/errors.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-
-
 from ..exceptions import ElasticsearchException
 
 
diff --git a/elasticsearch/helpers/test.py b/elasticsearch/helpers/test.py
index 6fdd2ec05..cdc7a981c 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/helpers/test.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/helpers/test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import time
 import os
+
 try:
     # python 2.6
     from unittest2 import TestCase, SkipTest
@@ -9,33 +10,37 @@
 from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
 from elasticsearch.exceptions import ConnectionError
 
+
 def get_test_client(nowait=False, **kwargs):
     # construct kwargs from the environment
-    kw = {'timeout': 30}
-    if 'TEST_ES_CONNECTION' in os.environ:
+    kw = {"timeout": 30}
+    if "TEST_ES_CONNECTION" in os.environ:
         from elasticsearch import connection
-        kw['connection_class'] = getattr(connection, os.environ['TEST_ES_CONNECTION'])
+
+        kw["connection_class"] = getattr(connection, os.environ["TEST_ES_CONNECTION"])
 
     kw.update(kwargs)
-    client = Elasticsearch([os.environ.get('TEST_ES_SERVER', {})], **kw)
+    client = Elasticsearch([os.environ.get("TEST_ES_SERVER", {})], **kw)
 
     # wait for yellow status
     for _ in range(1 if nowait else 100):
         try:
-            client.cluster.health(wait_for_status='yellow')
+            client.cluster.health(wait_for_status="yellow")
             return client
         except ConnectionError:
-            time.sleep(.1)
+            time.sleep(0.1)
     else:
         # timeout
         raise SkipTest("Elasticsearch failed to start.")
 
+
 def _get_version(version_string):
-    if '.' not in version_string:
+    if "." not in version_string:
         return ()
-    version = version_string.strip().split('.')
+    version = version_string.strip().split(".")
     return tuple(int(v) if v.isdigit() else 999 for v in version)
 
+
 class ElasticsearchTestCase(TestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def _get_client():
@@ -48,13 +53,12 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
 
     def tearDown(self):
         super(ElasticsearchTestCase, self).tearDown()
-        self.client.indices.delete(index='*', ignore=404)
-        self.client.indices.delete_template(name='*', ignore=404)
+        self.client.indices.delete(index="*", ignore=404)
+        self.client.indices.delete_template(name="*", ignore=404)
 
     @property
     def es_version(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_es_version'):
-            version_string = self.client.info()['version']['number']
+        if not hasattr(self, "_es_version"):
+            version_string = self.client.info()["version"]["number"]
             self._es_version = _get_version(version_string)
         return self._es_version
-
diff --git a/elasticsearch/serializer.py b/elasticsearch/serializer.py
index 12f63f2a3..dd7d0dc87 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/serializer.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/serializer.py
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@
 from .exceptions import SerializationError, ImproperlyConfigured
 from .compat import string_types
 
+
 class TextSerializer(object):
-    mimetype = 'text/plain'
+    mimetype = "text/plain"
 
     def loads(self, s):
         return s
@@ -19,10 +20,11 @@ def dumps(self, data):
         if isinstance(data, string_types):
             return data
 
-        raise SerializationError('Cannot serialize %r into text.' % data)
+        raise SerializationError("Cannot serialize %r into text." % data)
+
 
 class JSONSerializer(object):
-    mimetype = 'application/json'
+    mimetype = "application/json"
 
     def default(self, data):
         if isinstance(data, (date, datetime)):
@@ -46,25 +48,26 @@ def dumps(self, data):
 
         try:
             return json.dumps(
-                data,
-                default=self.default,
-                ensure_ascii=False,
-                separators=(',', ':'),
+                data, default=self.default, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")
             )
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             raise SerializationError(data, e)
 
+
 DEFAULT_SERIALIZERS = {
     JSONSerializer.mimetype: JSONSerializer(),
     TextSerializer.mimetype: TextSerializer(),
 }
 
+
 class Deserializer(object):
-    def __init__(self, serializers, default_mimetype='application/json'):
+    def __init__(self, serializers, default_mimetype="application/json"):
         try:
             self.default = serializers[default_mimetype]
         except KeyError:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured('Cannot find default serializer (%s)' % default_mimetype)
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "Cannot find default serializer (%s)" % default_mimetype
+            )
         self.serializers = serializers
 
     def loads(self, s, mimetype=None):
@@ -72,11 +75,12 @@ def loads(self, s, mimetype=None):
             deserializer = self.default
         else:
             # split out charset
-            mimetype, _, _ = mimetype.partition(';')
+            mimetype, _, _ = mimetype.partition(";")
             try:
                 deserializer = self.serializers[mimetype]
             except KeyError:
-                raise SerializationError('Unknown mimetype, unable to deserialize: %s' % mimetype)
+                raise SerializationError(
+                    "Unknown mimetype, unable to deserialize: %s" % mimetype
+                )
 
         return deserializer.loads(s)
-
diff --git a/elasticsearch/transport.py b/elasticsearch/transport.py
index b7801bc56..37b2c8333 100644
--- a/elasticsearch/transport.py
+++ b/elasticsearch/transport.py
@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@
 from .connection import Urllib3HttpConnection
 from .connection_pool import ConnectionPool, DummyConnectionPool
 from .serializer import JSONSerializer, Deserializer, DEFAULT_SERIALIZERS
-from .exceptions import ConnectionError, TransportError, SerializationError, \
-                        ConnectionTimeout
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    TransportError,
+    SerializationError,
+    ConnectionTimeout,
+)
 
 
 def get_host_info(node_info, host):
@@ -23,10 +27,11 @@ def get_host_info(node_info, host):
     :arg host: connection information (host, port) extracted from the node info
     """
     # ignore master only nodes
-    if node_info.get('roles', []) == ['master']:
+    if node_info.get("roles", []) == ["master"]:
         return None
     return host
 
+
 class Transport(object):
     """
     Encapsulation of transport-related to logic. Handles instantiation of the
@@ -34,12 +39,26 @@ class Transport(object):
 
     Main interface is the `perform_request` method.
     """
-    def __init__(self, hosts, connection_class=Urllib3HttpConnection,
-        connection_pool_class=ConnectionPool, host_info_callback=get_host_info,
-        sniff_on_start=False, sniffer_timeout=None, sniff_timeout=.1,
-        sniff_on_connection_fail=False, serializer=JSONSerializer(), serializers=None,
-        default_mimetype='application/json', max_retries=3, retry_on_status=(502, 503, 504, ),
-        retry_on_timeout=False, send_get_body_as='GET', **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hosts,
+        connection_class=Urllib3HttpConnection,
+        connection_pool_class=ConnectionPool,
+        host_info_callback=get_host_info,
+        sniff_on_start=False,
+        sniffer_timeout=None,
+        sniff_timeout=0.1,
+        sniff_on_connection_fail=False,
+        serializer=JSONSerializer(),
+        serializers=None,
+        default_mimetype="application/json",
+        max_retries=3,
+        retry_on_status=(502, 503, 504),
+        retry_on_timeout=False,
+        send_get_body_as="GET",
+        **kwargs
+    ):
         """
         :arg hosts: list of dictionaries, each containing keyword arguments to
             create a `connection_class` instance
@@ -143,7 +162,7 @@ def _create_connection(host):
             # if this is not the initial setup look at the existing connection
             # options and identify connections that haven't changed and can be
             # kept around.
-            if hasattr(self, 'connection_pool'):
+            if hasattr(self, "connection_pool"):
                 for (connection, old_host) in self.connection_pool.connection_opts:
                     if old_host == host:
                         return connection
@@ -152,6 +171,7 @@ def _create_connection(host):
             kwargs = self.kwargs.copy()
             kwargs.update(host)
             return self.connection_class(**kwargs)
+
         connections = map(_create_connection, hosts)
 
         connections = list(zip(connections, hosts))
@@ -159,7 +179,9 @@ def _create_connection(host):
             self.connection_pool = DummyConnectionPool(connections)
         else:
             # pass the hosts dicts to the connection pool to optionally extract parameters from
-            self.connection_pool = self.connection_pool_class(connections, **self.kwargs)
+            self.connection_pool = self.connection_pool_class(
+                connections, **self.kwargs
+            )
 
     def get_connection(self):
         """
@@ -194,9 +216,13 @@ def _get_sniff_data(self, initial=False):
                 try:
                     # use small timeout for the sniffing request, should be a fast api call
                     _, headers, node_info = c.perform_request(
-                        'GET', '/_nodes/_all/http',
-                        timeout=self.sniff_timeout if not initial else None)
-                    node_info = self.deserializer.loads(node_info, headers.get('content-type'))
+                        "GET",
+                        "/_nodes/_all/http",
+                        timeout=self.sniff_timeout if not initial else None,
+                    )
+                    node_info = self.deserializer.loads(
+                        node_info, headers.get("content-type")
+                    )
                     break
                 except (ConnectionError, SerializationError):
                     pass
@@ -207,18 +233,18 @@ def _get_sniff_data(self, initial=False):
             self.last_sniff = previous_sniff
             raise
 
-        return list(node_info['nodes'].values())
+        return list(node_info["nodes"].values())
 
     def _get_host_info(self, host_info):
         host = {}
-        address = host_info.get('http', {}).get('publish_address')
+        address = host_info.get("http", {}).get("publish_address")
 
         # malformed or no address given
-        if not address or ':' not in address:
+        if not address or ":" not in address:
             return None
 
-        host['host'], host['port'] = address.rsplit(':', 1)
-        host['port'] = int(host['port'])
+        host["host"], host["port"] = address.rsplit(":", 1)
+        host["port"] = int(host["port"])
 
         return self.host_info_callback(host_info, host)
 
@@ -239,7 +265,9 @@ def sniff_hosts(self, initial=False):
         # we weren't able to get any nodes or host_info_callback blocked all -
         # raise error.
         if not hosts:
-            raise TransportError("N/A", "Unable to sniff hosts - no viable hosts found.")
+            raise TransportError(
+                "N/A", "Unable to sniff hosts - no viable hosts found."
+            )
 
         self.set_connections(hosts)
 
@@ -280,21 +308,21 @@ def perform_request(self, method, url, headers=None, params=None, body=None):
             body = self.serializer.dumps(body)
 
             # some clients or environments don't support sending GET with body
-            if method in ('HEAD', 'GET') and self.send_get_body_as != 'GET':
+            if method in ("HEAD", "GET") and self.send_get_body_as != "GET":
                 # send it as post instead
-                if self.send_get_body_as == 'POST':
-                    method = 'POST'
+                if self.send_get_body_as == "POST":
+                    method = "POST"
 
                 # or as source parameter
-                elif self.send_get_body_as == 'source':
+                elif self.send_get_body_as == "source":
                     if params is None:
                         params = {}
-                    params['source'] = body
+                    params["source"] = body
                     body = None
 
         if body is not None:
             try:
-                body = body.encode('utf-8', 'surrogatepass')
+                body = body.encode("utf-8", "surrogatepass")
             except (UnicodeDecodeError, AttributeError):
                 # bytes/str - no need to re-encode
                 pass
@@ -302,10 +330,10 @@ def perform_request(self, method, url, headers=None, params=None, body=None):
         ignore = ()
         timeout = None
         if params:
-            timeout = params.pop('request_timeout', None)
-            ignore = params.pop('ignore', ())
+            timeout = params.pop("request_timeout", None)
+            ignore = params.pop("ignore", ())
             if isinstance(ignore, int):
-                ignore = (ignore, )
+                ignore = (ignore,)
 
         for attempt in range(self.max_retries + 1):
             connection = self.get_connection()
@@ -313,12 +341,20 @@ def perform_request(self, method, url, headers=None, params=None, body=None):
             try:
                 # add a delay before attempting the next retry
                 # 0, 1, 3, 7, etc...
-                delay = 2**attempt - 1
+                delay = 2 ** attempt - 1
                 time.sleep(delay)
-                status, headers_response, data = connection.perform_request(method, url, params, body, headers=headers, ignore=ignore, timeout=timeout)
+                status, headers_response, data = connection.perform_request(
+                    method,
+                    url,
+                    params,
+                    body,
+                    headers=headers,
+                    ignore=ignore,
+                    timeout=timeout,
+                )
 
             except TransportError as e:
-                if method == 'HEAD' and e.status_code == 404:
+                if method == "HEAD" and e.status_code == 404:
                     return False
 
                 retry = False
@@ -342,11 +378,13 @@ def perform_request(self, method, url, headers=None, params=None, body=None):
                 # connection didn't fail, confirm it's live status
                 self.connection_pool.mark_live(connection)
 
-                if method == 'HEAD':
+                if method == "HEAD":
                     return 200 <= status < 300
 
                 if data:
-                    data = self.deserializer.loads(data, headers_response.get('content-type'))
+                    data = self.deserializer.loads(
+                        data, headers_response.get("content-type")
+                    )
                 return data
 
     def close(self):
diff --git a/example/load.py b/example/load.py
index b500f9449..06abe903f 100644
--- a/example/load.py
+++ b/example/load.py
@@ -14,65 +14,62 @@
 from elasticsearch.exceptions import TransportError
 from elasticsearch.helpers import bulk, streaming_bulk
 
+
 def create_git_index(client, index):
     # we will use user on several places
     user_mapping = {
-      'properties': {
-        'name': {
-          'type': 'text',
-          'fields': {
-            'keyword': {'type': 'keyword'},
-          }
+        "properties": {
+            "name": {"type": "text", "fields": {"keyword": {"type": "keyword"}}}
         }
-      }
     }
 
     create_index_body = {
-      'settings': {
-        # just one shard, no replicas for testing
-        'number_of_shards': 1,
-        'number_of_replicas': 0,
-
-        # custom analyzer for analyzing file paths
-        'analysis': {
-          'analyzer': {
-            'file_path': {
-              'type': 'custom',
-              'tokenizer': 'path_hierarchy',
-              'filter': ['lowercase']
+        "settings": {
+            # just one shard, no replicas for testing
+            "number_of_shards": 1,
+            "number_of_replicas": 0,
+            # custom analyzer for analyzing file paths
+            "analysis": {
+                "analyzer": {
+                    "file_path": {
+                        "type": "custom",
+                        "tokenizer": "path_hierarchy",
+                        "filter": ["lowercase"],
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+        },
+        "mappings": {
+            "doc": {
+                "properties": {
+                    "repository": {"type": "keyword"},
+                    "author": user_mapping,
+                    "authored_date": {"type": "date"},
+                    "committer": user_mapping,
+                    "committed_date": {"type": "date"},
+                    "parent_shas": {"type": "keyword"},
+                    "description": {"type": "text", "analyzer": "snowball"},
+                    "files": {
+                        "type": "text",
+                        "analyzer": "file_path",
+                        "fielddata": True,
+                    },
+                }
             }
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      'mappings': {
-        'doc': {
-          'properties': {
-            'repository': {'type': 'keyword'},
-            'author': user_mapping,
-            'authored_date': {'type': 'date'},
-            'committer': user_mapping,
-            'committed_date': {'type': 'date'},
-            'parent_shas': {'type': 'keyword'},
-            'description': {'type': 'text', 'analyzer': 'snowball'},
-            'files': {'type': 'text', 'analyzer': 'file_path', "fielddata": True}
-          }
-        }
-      }
+        },
     }
 
     # create empty index
     try:
-        client.indices.create(
-            index=index,
-            body=create_index_body,
-        )
+        client.indices.create(index=index, body=create_index_body)
     except TransportError as e:
         # ignore already existing index
-        if e.error == 'index_already_exists_exception':
+        if e.error == "index_already_exists_exception":
             pass
         else:
             raise
 
+
 def parse_commits(head, name):
     """
     Go through the git repository log and generate a document per commit
@@ -80,26 +77,24 @@ def parse_commits(head, name):
     """
     for commit in head.traverse():
         yield {
-            '_id': commit.hexsha,
-            'repository': name,
-            'committed_date': datetime.fromtimestamp(commit.committed_date),
-            'committer': {
-                'name': commit.committer.name,
-                'email': commit.committer.email,
-            },
-            'authored_date': datetime.fromtimestamp(commit.authored_date),
-            'author': {
-                'name': commit.author.name,
-                'email': commit.author.email,
+            "_id": commit.hexsha,
+            "repository": name,
+            "committed_date": datetime.fromtimestamp(commit.committed_date),
+            "committer": {
+                "name": commit.committer.name,
+                "email": commit.committer.email,
             },
-            'description': commit.message,
-            'parent_shas': [p.hexsha for p in commit.parents],
+            "authored_date": datetime.fromtimestamp(commit.authored_date),
+            "author": {"name": commit.author.name, "email": commit.author.email},
+            "description": commit.message,
+            "parent_shas": [p.hexsha for p in commit.parents],
             # we only care about the filenames, not the per-file stats
-            'files': list(commit.stats.files),
-            'stats': commit.stats.total,
+            "files": list(commit.stats.files),
+            "stats": commit.stats.total,
         }
 
-def load_repo(client, path=None, index='git'):
+
+def load_repo(client, path=None, index="git"):
     """
     Parse a git repository with all it's commits and load it into elasticsearch
     using `client`. If the index doesn't exist it will be created.
@@ -114,18 +109,18 @@ def load_repo(client, path=None, index='git'):
     # in - since the `parse_commits` function is a generator this will avoid
     # loading all the commits into memory
     for ok, result in streaming_bulk(
-            client,
-            parse_commits(repo.refs.master.commit, repo_name),
-            index=index,
-            doc_type='doc',
-            chunk_size=50 # keep the batch sizes small for appearances only
-        ):
+        client,
+        parse_commits(repo.refs.master.commit, repo_name),
+        index=index,
+        doc_type="doc",
+        chunk_size=50,  # keep the batch sizes small for appearances only
+    ):
         action, result = result.popitem()
-        doc_id = '/%s/doc/%s' % (index, result['_id'])
+        doc_id = "/%s/doc/%s" % (index, result["_id"])
         # process the information from ES whether the document has been
         # successfully indexed
         if not ok:
-            print('Failed to %s document %s: %r' % (action, doc_id, result))
+            print("Failed to %s document %s: %r" % (action, doc_id, result))
         else:
             print(doc_id)
 
@@ -133,36 +128,40 @@ def load_repo(client, path=None, index='git'):
 # we manually update some documents to add additional information
 UPDATES = [
     {
-        '_type': 'doc',
-        '_id': '20fbba1230cabbc0f4644f917c6c2be52b8a63e8',
-        '_op_type': 'update',
-        'doc': {'initial_commit': True}
+        "_type": "doc",
+        "_id": "20fbba1230cabbc0f4644f917c6c2be52b8a63e8",
+        "_op_type": "update",
+        "doc": {"initial_commit": True},
     },
     {
-        '_type': 'doc',
-        '_id': 'ae0073c8ca7e24d237ffd56fba495ed409081bf4',
-        '_op_type': 'update',
-        'doc': {'release': '5.0.0'}
+        "_type": "doc",
+        "_id": "ae0073c8ca7e24d237ffd56fba495ed409081bf4",
+        "_op_type": "update",
+        "doc": {"release": "5.0.0"},
     },
 ]
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     # get trace logger and set level
-    tracer = logging.getLogger('elasticsearch.trace')
+    tracer = logging.getLogger("elasticsearch.trace")
     tracer.setLevel(logging.INFO)
-    tracer.addHandler(logging.FileHandler('/tmp/es_trace.log'))
+    tracer.addHandler(logging.FileHandler("/tmp/es_trace.log"))
 
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-H", "--host",
+        "-H",
+        "--host",
         action="store",
         default="localhost:9200",
-        help="The elasticsearch host you wish to connect to. (Default: localhost:9200)")
+        help="The elasticsearch host you wish to connect to. (Default: localhost:9200)",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-p", "--path",
+        "-p",
+        "--path",
         action="store",
         default=None,
-        help="Path to git repo. Commits used as data to load into Elasticsearch. (Default: None")
+        help="Path to git repo. Commits used as data to load into Elasticsearch. (Default: None",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -173,15 +172,19 @@ def load_repo(client, path=None, index='git'):
     load_repo(es, path=args.path)
 
     # run the bulk operations
-    success, _ = bulk(es, UPDATES, index='git')
-    print('Performed %d actions' % success)
+    success, _ = bulk(es, UPDATES, index="git")
+    print("Performed %d actions" % success)
 
     # we can now make docs visible for searching
-    es.indices.refresh(index='git')
+    es.indices.refresh(index="git")
 
     # now we can retrieve the documents
-    initial_commit = es.get(index='git', doc_type='doc', id='20fbba1230cabbc0f4644f917c6c2be52b8a63e8')
-    print('%s: %s' % (initial_commit['_id'], initial_commit['_source']['committed_date']))
+    initial_commit = es.get(
+        index="git", doc_type="doc", id="20fbba1230cabbc0f4644f917c6c2be52b8a63e8"
+    )
+    print(
+        "%s: %s" % (initial_commit["_id"], initial_commit["_source"]["committed_date"])
+    )
 
     # and now we can count the documents
-    print(es.count(index='git')['count'], 'documents in index')
+    print(es.count(index="git")["count"], "documents in index")
diff --git a/example/queries.py b/example/queries.py
index 4d61c2623..a08070662 100644
--- a/example/queries.py
+++ b/example/queries.py
@@ -6,95 +6,92 @@
 
 from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
 
+
 def print_search_stats(results):
-    print('=' * 80)
-    print('Total %d found in %dms' % (results['hits']['total'], results['took']))
-    print('-' * 80)
+    print("=" * 80)
+    print("Total %d found in %dms" % (results["hits"]["total"], results["took"]))
+    print("-" * 80)
+
 
 def print_hits(results):
     " Simple utility function to print results of a search query. "
     print_search_stats(results)
-    for hit in results['hits']['hits']:
+    for hit in results["hits"]["hits"]:
         # get created date for a repo and fallback to authored_date for a commit
-        created_at = parse_date(hit['_source'].get('created_at', hit['_source']['authored_date']))
-        print('/%s/%s/%s (%s): %s' % (
-                hit['_index'], hit['_type'], hit['_id'],
-                created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-                hit['_source']['description'].split('\n')[0]))
+        created_at = parse_date(
+            hit["_source"].get("created_at", hit["_source"]["authored_date"])
+        )
+        print(
+            "/%s/%s/%s (%s): %s"
+            % (
+                hit["_index"],
+                hit["_type"],
+                hit["_id"],
+                created_at.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+                hit["_source"]["description"].split("\n")[0],
+            )
+        )
 
-    print('=' * 80)
+    print("=" * 80)
     print()
 
+
 # get trace logger and set level
-tracer = logging.getLogger('elasticsearch.trace')
+tracer = logging.getLogger("elasticsearch.trace")
 tracer.setLevel(logging.INFO)
-tracer.addHandler(logging.FileHandler('/tmp/es_trace.log'))
+tracer.addHandler(logging.FileHandler("/tmp/es_trace.log"))
 # instantiate es client, connects to localhost:9200 by default
 es = Elasticsearch()
 
-print('Empty search:')
-print_hits(es.search(index='git'))
+print("Empty search:")
+print_hits(es.search(index="git"))
 
 print('Find commits that says "fix" without touching tests:')
 result = es.search(
-    index='git',
-    doc_type='doc',
+    index="git",
+    doc_type="doc",
     body={
-      'query': {
-        'bool': {
-          'must': {
-            'match': {'description': 'fix'}
-          },
-          'must_not': {
-            'term': {'files': 'test_elasticsearch'}
-          }
+        "query": {
+            "bool": {
+                "must": {"match": {"description": "fix"}},
+                "must_not": {"term": {"files": "test_elasticsearch"}},
+            }
         }
-      }
-    }
+    },
 )
 print_hits(result)
 
-print('Last 8 Commits for elasticsearch-py:')
+print("Last 8 Commits for elasticsearch-py:")
 result = es.search(
-    index='git',
-    doc_type='doc',
+    index="git",
+    doc_type="doc",
     body={
-      'query': {
-        'term': {
-            'repository': 'elasticsearch-py'
-        }
-      },
-      'sort': [
-        {'committed_date': {'order': 'desc'}}
-      ],
-      'size': 8
-    }
+        "query": {"term": {"repository": "elasticsearch-py"}},
+        "sort": [{"committed_date": {"order": "desc"}}],
+        "size": 8,
+    },
 )
 print_hits(result)
 
-print('Stats for top 10 committers:')
+print("Stats for top 10 committers:")
 result = es.search(
-    index='git',
-    doc_type='doc',
+    index="git",
+    doc_type="doc",
     body={
-      'size': 0,
-      'aggs': {
-        'committers': {
-          'terms': {
-            'field': 'committer.name.keyword',
-          },
-          'aggs': {
-            'line_stats': {
-              'stats': {'field': 'stats.lines'}
+        "size": 0,
+        "aggs": {
+            "committers": {
+                "terms": {"field": "committer.name.keyword"},
+                "aggs": {"line_stats": {"stats": {"field": "stats.lines"}}},
             }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
+        },
+    },
 )
 
 print_search_stats(result)
-for committer in result['aggregations']['committers']['buckets']:
-    print('%15s: %3d commits changing %6d lines' % (
-        committer['key'], committer['doc_count'], committer['line_stats']['sum']))
-print('=' * 80)
+for committer in result["aggregations"]["committers"]["buckets"]:
+    print(
+        "%15s: %3d commits changing %6d lines"
+        % (committer["key"], committer["doc_count"], committer["line_stats"]["sum"])
+    )
+print("=" * 80)
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_cases.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_cases.py
index 43550e5cc..6dec2b3c1 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_cases.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_cases.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
+
 try:
     # python 2.6
     from unittest2 import TestCase, SkipTest
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@
 
 from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
 
+
 class DummyTransport(object):
     def __init__(self, hosts, responses=None, **kwargs):
         self.hosts = hosts
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def test_start_with_0_call(self):
         self.assert_call_count_equals(0)
 
     def test_each_call_is_recorded(self):
-        self.client.transport.perform_request('GET', '/')
-        self.client.transport.perform_request('DELETE', '/42', params={}, body='body')
+        self.client.transport.perform_request("GET", "/")
+        self.client.transport.perform_request("DELETE", "/42", params={}, body="body")
         self.assert_call_count_equals(2)
-        self.assertEquals([({}, 'body')], self.assert_url_called('DELETE', '/42', 1))
+        self.assertEquals([({}, "body")], self.assert_url_called("DELETE", "/42", 1))
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_indices.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_indices.py
index fbb8c23c6..7d80562a7 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_indices.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_indices.py
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 from test_elasticsearch.test_cases import ElasticsearchTestCase
 
+
 class TestIndices(ElasticsearchTestCase):
     def test_create_one_index(self):
-        self.client.indices.create('test-index')
-        self.assert_url_called('PUT', '/test-index')
+        self.client.indices.create("test-index")
+        self.assert_url_called("PUT", "/test-index")
 
     def test_delete_multiple_indices(self):
-        self.client.indices.delete(['test-index', 'second.index', 'third/index'])
-        self.assert_url_called('DELETE', '/test-index,second.index,third%2Findex')
+        self.client.indices.delete(["test-index", "second.index", "third/index"])
+        self.assert_url_called("DELETE", "/test-index,second.index,third%2Findex")
 
     def test_exists_index(self):
-        self.client.indices.exists('second.index,third/index')
-        self.assert_url_called('HEAD', '/second.index,third%2Findex')
+        self.client.indices.exists("second.index,third/index")
+        self.assert_url_called("HEAD", "/second.index,third%2Findex")
 
     def test_passing_empty_value_for_required_param_raises_exception(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.client.indices.exists, index=None)
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.client.indices.exists, index=[])
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.client.indices.exists, index='')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.client.indices.exists, index="")
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_utils.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_utils.py
index 66a832930..e30d8b14c 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_utils.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_client/test_utils.py
@@ -6,35 +6,32 @@
 
 from ..test_cases import TestCase, SkipTest
 
+
 class TestMakePath(TestCase):
     def test_handles_unicode(self):
         id = "中文"
-        self.assertEquals('/some-index/type/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87', _make_path('some-index', 'type', id))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            "/some-index/type/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87", _make_path("some-index", "type", id)
+        )
 
     def test_handles_utf_encoded_string(self):
         if not PY2:
-            raise SkipTest('Only relevant for py2')
-        id = "中文".encode('utf-8')
-        self.assertEquals('/some-index/type/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87', _make_path('some-index', 'type', id))
+            raise SkipTest("Only relevant for py2")
+        id = "中文".encode("utf-8")
+        self.assertEquals(
+            "/some-index/type/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87", _make_path("some-index", "type", id)
+        )
 
 
 class TestEscape(TestCase):
     def test_handles_ascii(self):
         string = "abc123"
-        self.assertEquals(
-            b'abc123',
-            _escape(string)
-        )
+        self.assertEquals(b"abc123", _escape(string))
+
     def test_handles_unicode(self):
         string = "中文"
-        self.assertEquals(
-            b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87',
-            _escape(string)
-        )
+        self.assertEquals(b"\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87", _escape(string))
 
     def test_handles_bytestring(self):
-        string = b'celery-task-meta-c4f1201f-eb7b-41d5-9318-a75a8cfbdaa0'
-        self.assertEquals(
-            string,
-            _escape(string)
-        )
+        string = b"celery-task-meta-c4f1201f-eb7b-41d5-9318-a75a8cfbdaa0"
+        self.assertEquals(string, _escape(string))
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_connection.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_connection.py
index d35387542..478897c2c 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_connection.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_connection.py
@@ -6,9 +6,13 @@
 import warnings
 from requests.auth import AuthBase
 
-from elasticsearch.exceptions import TransportError, ConflictError, RequestError, NotFoundError
-from elasticsearch.connection import RequestsHttpConnection, \
-    Urllib3HttpConnection
+from elasticsearch.exceptions import (
+    TransportError,
+    ConflictError,
+    RequestError,
+    NotFoundError,
+)
+from elasticsearch.connection import RequestsHttpConnection, Urllib3HttpConnection
 from elasticsearch.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from .test_cases import TestCase, SkipTest
 
@@ -22,20 +26,18 @@ def test_ssl_context(self):
             # it means SSLContext is not available for that version of python
             # and we should skip this test.
             raise SkipTest(
-                "Test test_ssl_context is skipped cause SSLContext is not available for this version of ptyhon")
+                "Test test_ssl_context is skipped cause SSLContext is not available for this version of ptyhon"
+            )
 
         con = Urllib3HttpConnection(use_ssl=True, ssl_context=context)
         self.assertEqual(len(con.pool.conn_kw.keys()), 1)
-        self.assertIsInstance(
-            con.pool.conn_kw['ssl_context'],
-            ssl.SSLContext
-        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(con.pool.conn_kw["ssl_context"], ssl.SSLContext)
         self.assertTrue(con.use_ssl)
 
     def test_http_compression(self):
         con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_compress=True)
         self.assertTrue(con.http_compress)
-        self.assertEquals(con.headers['content-encoding'], 'gzip')
+        self.assertEquals(con.headers["content-encoding"], "gzip")
 
     def test_timeout_set(self):
         con = Urllib3HttpConnection(timeout=42)
@@ -43,40 +45,60 @@ def test_timeout_set(self):
 
     def test_keep_alive_is_on_by_default(self):
         con = Urllib3HttpConnection()
-        self.assertEquals({'connection': 'keep-alive',
-            'content-type': 'application/json'}, con.headers)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            {"connection": "keep-alive", "content-type": "application/json"},
+            con.headers,
+        )
 
     def test_http_auth(self):
-        con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_auth='username:secret')
-        self.assertEquals({
-            'authorization': 'Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0',
-            'connection': 'keep-alive',
-            'content-type': 'application/json'
-        }, con.headers)
+        con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_auth="username:secret")
+        self.assertEquals(
+            {
+                "authorization": "Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0",
+                "connection": "keep-alive",
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+            },
+            con.headers,
+        )
 
     def test_http_auth_tuple(self):
-        con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_auth=('username', 'secret'))
-        self.assertEquals({'authorization': 'Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0',
-            'content-type': 'application/json',
-            'connection': 'keep-alive'}, con.headers)
+        con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_auth=("username", "secret"))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            {
+                "authorization": "Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0",
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+                "connection": "keep-alive",
+            },
+            con.headers,
+        )
 
     def test_http_auth_list(self):
-        con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_auth=['username', 'secret'])
-        self.assertEquals({'authorization': 'Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0',
-            'content-type': 'application/json',
-            'connection': 'keep-alive'}, con.headers)
+        con = Urllib3HttpConnection(http_auth=["username", "secret"])
+        self.assertEquals(
+            {
+                "authorization": "Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0",
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+                "connection": "keep-alive",
+            },
+            con.headers,
+        )
 
     def test_uses_https_if_verify_certs_is_off(self):
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
             con = Urllib3HttpConnection(use_ssl=True, verify_certs=False)
             self.assertEquals(1, len(w))
-            self.assertEquals('Connecting to localhost using SSL with verify_certs=False is insecure.', str(w[0].message))
+            self.assertEquals(
+                "Connecting to localhost using SSL with verify_certs=False is insecure.",
+                str(w[0].message),
+            )
 
         self.assertIsInstance(con.pool, urllib3.HTTPSConnectionPool)
 
     def nowarn_when_test_uses_https_if_verify_certs_is_off(self):
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
-            con = Urllib3HttpConnection(use_ssl=True, verify_certs=False, ssl_show_warn=False)
+            con = Urllib3HttpConnection(
+                use_ssl=True, verify_certs=False, ssl_show_warn=False
+            )
             self.assertEquals(0, len(w))
 
         self.assertIsInstance(con.pool, urllib3.HTTPSConnectionPool)
@@ -85,9 +107,13 @@ def test_doesnt_use_https_if_not_specified(self):
         con = Urllib3HttpConnection()
         self.assertIsInstance(con.pool, urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool)
 
+
 class TestRequestsConnection(TestCase):
-    def _get_mock_connection(self, connection_params={}, status_code=200, response_body='{}'):
+    def _get_mock_connection(
+        self, connection_params={}, status_code=200, response_body="{}"
+    ):
         con = RequestsHttpConnection(**connection_params)
+
         def _dummy_send(*args, **kwargs):
             dummy_response = Mock()
             dummy_response.headers = {}
@@ -97,20 +123,21 @@ def _dummy_send(*args, **kwargs):
             dummy_response.cookies = {}
             _dummy_send.call_args = (args, kwargs)
             return dummy_response
+
         con.session.send = _dummy_send
         return con
 
     def _get_request(self, connection, *args, **kwargs):
-        if 'body' in kwargs:
-            kwargs['body'] = kwargs['body'].encode('utf-8')
+        if "body" in kwargs:
+            kwargs["body"] = kwargs["body"].encode("utf-8")
 
         status, headers, data = connection.perform_request(*args, **kwargs)
         self.assertEquals(200, status)
-        self.assertEquals('{}', data)
+        self.assertEquals("{}", data)
 
-        timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', connection.timeout)
+        timeout = kwargs.pop("timeout", connection.timeout)
         args, kwargs = connection.session.send.call_args
-        self.assertEquals(timeout, kwargs['timeout'])
+        self.assertEquals(timeout, kwargs["timeout"])
         self.assertEquals(1, len(args))
         return args[0]
 
@@ -126,73 +153,96 @@ def test_timeout_set(self):
 
     def test_uses_https_if_verify_certs_is_off(self):
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
-            con = self._get_mock_connection({'use_ssl': True, 'url_prefix': 'url', 'verify_certs': False})
+            con = self._get_mock_connection(
+                {"use_ssl": True, "url_prefix": "url", "verify_certs": False}
+            )
             self.assertEquals(1, len(w))
-            self.assertEquals('Connecting to https://localhost:9200/url using SSL with verify_certs=False is insecure.', str(w[0].message))
+            self.assertEquals(
+                "Connecting to https://localhost:9200/url using SSL with verify_certs=False is insecure.",
+                str(w[0].message),
+            )
 
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/')
+        request = self._get_request(con, "GET", "/")
 
-        self.assertEquals('https://localhost:9200/url/', request.url)
-        self.assertEquals('GET', request.method)
+        self.assertEquals("https://localhost:9200/url/", request.url)
+        self.assertEquals("GET", request.method)
         self.assertEquals(None, request.body)
 
     def nowarn_when_test_uses_https_if_verify_certs_is_off(self):
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
-            con = self._get_mock_connection({'use_ssl': True, 'url_prefix': 'url', 'verify_certs': False, 'ssl_show_warn': False})
+            con = self._get_mock_connection(
+                {
+                    "use_ssl": True,
+                    "url_prefix": "url",
+                    "verify_certs": False,
+                    "ssl_show_warn": False,
+                }
+            )
             self.assertEquals(0, len(w))
 
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/')
+        request = self._get_request(con, "GET", "/")
 
-        self.assertEquals('https://localhost:9200/url/', request.url)
-        self.assertEquals('GET', request.method)
+        self.assertEquals("https://localhost:9200/url/", request.url)
+        self.assertEquals("GET", request.method)
         self.assertEquals(None, request.body)
 
     def test_merge_headers(self):
-        con = self._get_mock_connection(connection_params={'headers': {'h1': 'v1', 'h2': 'v2'}})
-        req = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/', headers={'h2': 'v2p', 'h3': 'v3'})
-        self.assertEquals(req.headers['h1'], 'v1')
-        self.assertEquals(req.headers['h2'], 'v2p')
-        self.assertEquals(req.headers['h3'], 'v3')
+        con = self._get_mock_connection(
+            connection_params={"headers": {"h1": "v1", "h2": "v2"}}
+        )
+        req = self._get_request(con, "GET", "/", headers={"h2": "v2p", "h3": "v3"})
+        self.assertEquals(req.headers["h1"], "v1")
+        self.assertEquals(req.headers["h2"], "v2p")
+        self.assertEquals(req.headers["h3"], "v3")
 
     def test_http_auth(self):
-        con = RequestsHttpConnection(http_auth='username:secret')
-        self.assertEquals(('username', 'secret'), con.session.auth)
+        con = RequestsHttpConnection(http_auth="username:secret")
+        self.assertEquals(("username", "secret"), con.session.auth)
 
     def test_http_auth_tuple(self):
-        con = RequestsHttpConnection(http_auth=('username', 'secret'))
-        self.assertEquals(('username', 'secret'), con.session.auth)
+        con = RequestsHttpConnection(http_auth=("username", "secret"))
+        self.assertEquals(("username", "secret"), con.session.auth)
 
     def test_http_auth_list(self):
-        con = RequestsHttpConnection(http_auth=['username', 'secret'])
-        self.assertEquals(('username', 'secret'), con.session.auth)
+        con = RequestsHttpConnection(http_auth=["username", "secret"])
+        self.assertEquals(("username", "secret"), con.session.auth)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection({"host": "elasticsearch.com", "port": 443})
-        self.assertEquals('<RequestsHttpConnection: http://elasticsearch.com:443>', repr(con))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            "<RequestsHttpConnection: http://elasticsearch.com:443>", repr(con)
+        )
 
     def test_conflict_error_is_returned_on_409(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection(status_code=409)
-        self.assertRaises(ConflictError, con.perform_request, 'GET', '/', {}, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ConflictError, con.perform_request, "GET", "/", {}, "")
 
     def test_not_found_error_is_returned_on_404(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection(status_code=404)
-        self.assertRaises(NotFoundError, con.perform_request, 'GET', '/', {}, '')
+        self.assertRaises(NotFoundError, con.perform_request, "GET", "/", {}, "")
 
     def test_request_error_is_returned_on_400(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection(status_code=400)
-        self.assertRaises(RequestError, con.perform_request, 'GET', '/', {}, '')
+        self.assertRaises(RequestError, con.perform_request, "GET", "/", {}, "")
 
-    @patch('elasticsearch.connection.base.logger')
+    @patch("elasticsearch.connection.base.logger")
     def test_head_with_404_doesnt_get_logged(self, logger):
         con = self._get_mock_connection(status_code=404)
-        self.assertRaises(NotFoundError, con.perform_request, 'HEAD', '/', {}, '')
+        self.assertRaises(NotFoundError, con.perform_request, "HEAD", "/", {}, "")
         self.assertEquals(0, logger.warning.call_count)
 
-    @patch('elasticsearch.connection.base.tracer')
-    @patch('elasticsearch.connection.base.logger')
+    @patch("elasticsearch.connection.base.tracer")
+    @patch("elasticsearch.connection.base.logger")
     def test_failed_request_logs_and_traces(self, logger, tracer):
         con = self._get_mock_connection(response_body='{"answer": 42}', status_code=500)
-        self.assertRaises(TransportError, con.perform_request, 'GET', '/', {'param': 42}, '{}'.encode('utf-8'))
+        self.assertRaises(
+            TransportError,
+            con.perform_request,
+            "GET",
+            "/",
+            {"param": 42},
+            "{}".encode("utf-8"),
+        )
 
         # trace request
         self.assertEquals(1, tracer.info.call_count)
@@ -200,90 +250,101 @@ def test_failed_request_logs_and_traces(self, logger, tracer):
         self.assertEquals(1, tracer.debug.call_count)
         # log url and duration
         self.assertEquals(1, logger.warning.call_count)
-        self.assertTrue(re.match(
-            '^GET http://localhost:9200/\?param=42 \[status:500 request:0.[0-9]{3}s\]',
-            logger.warning.call_args[0][0] % logger.warning.call_args[0][1:]
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            re.match(
+                "^GET http://localhost:9200/\?param=42 \[status:500 request:0.[0-9]{3}s\]",
+                logger.warning.call_args[0][0] % logger.warning.call_args[0][1:],
+            )
+        )
 
-    @patch('elasticsearch.connection.base.tracer')
-    @patch('elasticsearch.connection.base.logger')
+    @patch("elasticsearch.connection.base.tracer")
+    @patch("elasticsearch.connection.base.logger")
     def test_success_logs_and_traces(self, logger, tracer):
-        con = self._get_mock_connection(response_body='''{"answer": "that's it!"}''')
-        status, headers, data = con.perform_request('GET', '/', {'param': 42}, '''{"question": "what's that?"}'''.encode('utf-8'))
+        con = self._get_mock_connection(response_body="""{"answer": "that's it!"}""")
+        status, headers, data = con.perform_request(
+            "GET",
+            "/",
+            {"param": 42},
+            """{"question": "what's that?"}""".encode("utf-8"),
+        )
 
         # trace request
         self.assertEquals(1, tracer.info.call_count)
         self.assertEquals(
             """curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -XGET 'http://localhost:9200/?pretty&param=42' -d '{\n  "question": "what\\u0027s that?"\n}'""",
-            tracer.info.call_args[0][0] % tracer.info.call_args[0][1:]
+            tracer.info.call_args[0][0] % tracer.info.call_args[0][1:],
         )
         # trace response
         self.assertEquals(1, tracer.debug.call_count)
-        self.assertTrue(re.match(
-            '#\[200\] \(0.[0-9]{3}s\)\n#\{\n#  "answer": "that\\\\u0027s it!"\n#\}',
-            tracer.debug.call_args[0][0] % tracer.debug.call_args[0][1:]
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            re.match(
+                '#\[200\] \(0.[0-9]{3}s\)\n#\{\n#  "answer": "that\\\\u0027s it!"\n#\}',
+                tracer.debug.call_args[0][0] % tracer.debug.call_args[0][1:],
+            )
+        )
 
         # log url and duration
         self.assertEquals(1, logger.info.call_count)
-        self.assertTrue(re.match(
-            'GET http://localhost:9200/\?param=42 \[status:200 request:0.[0-9]{3}s\]',
-            logger.info.call_args[0][0] % logger.info.call_args[0][1:]
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            re.match(
+                "GET http://localhost:9200/\?param=42 \[status:200 request:0.[0-9]{3}s\]",
+                logger.info.call_args[0][0] % logger.info.call_args[0][1:],
+            )
+        )
         # log request body and response
         self.assertEquals(2, logger.debug.call_count)
         req, resp = logger.debug.call_args_list
-        self.assertEquals(
-            '> {"question": "what\'s that?"}',
-            req[0][0] % req[0][1:]
-        )
-        self.assertEquals(
-            '< {"answer": "that\'s it!"}',
-            resp[0][0] % resp[0][1:]
-        )
+        self.assertEquals('> {"question": "what\'s that?"}', req[0][0] % req[0][1:])
+        self.assertEquals('< {"answer": "that\'s it!"}', resp[0][0] % resp[0][1:])
 
     def test_defaults(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection()
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/')
+        request = self._get_request(con, "GET", "/")
 
-        self.assertEquals('http://localhost:9200/', request.url)
-        self.assertEquals('GET', request.method)
+        self.assertEquals("http://localhost:9200/", request.url)
+        self.assertEquals("GET", request.method)
         self.assertEquals(None, request.body)
 
     def test_params_properly_encoded(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection()
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/', params={'param': 'value with spaces'})
+        request = self._get_request(
+            con, "GET", "/", params={"param": "value with spaces"}
+        )
 
-        self.assertEquals('http://localhost:9200/?param=value+with+spaces', request.url)
-        self.assertEquals('GET', request.method)
+        self.assertEquals("http://localhost:9200/?param=value+with+spaces", request.url)
+        self.assertEquals("GET", request.method)
         self.assertEquals(None, request.body)
 
     def test_body_attached(self):
         con = self._get_mock_connection()
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/', body='{"answer": 42}')
+        request = self._get_request(con, "GET", "/", body='{"answer": 42}')
 
-        self.assertEquals('http://localhost:9200/', request.url)
-        self.assertEquals('GET', request.method)
-        self.assertEquals('{"answer": 42}'.encode('utf-8'), request.body)
+        self.assertEquals("http://localhost:9200/", request.url)
+        self.assertEquals("GET", request.method)
+        self.assertEquals('{"answer": 42}'.encode("utf-8"), request.body)
 
     def test_http_auth_attached(self):
-        con = self._get_mock_connection({'http_auth': 'username:secret'})
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/')
+        con = self._get_mock_connection({"http_auth": "username:secret"})
+        request = self._get_request(con, "GET", "/")
 
-        self.assertEquals(request.headers['authorization'], 'Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0')
+        self.assertEquals(
+            request.headers["authorization"], "Basic dXNlcm5hbWU6c2VjcmV0"
+        )
 
-    @patch('elasticsearch.connection.base.tracer')
+    @patch("elasticsearch.connection.base.tracer")
     def test_url_prefix(self, tracer):
         con = self._get_mock_connection({"url_prefix": "/some-prefix/"})
-        request = self._get_request(con, 'GET', '/_search', body='{"answer": 42}', timeout=0.1)
+        request = self._get_request(
+            con, "GET", "/_search", body='{"answer": 42}', timeout=0.1
+        )
 
-        self.assertEquals('http://localhost:9200/some-prefix/_search', request.url)
-        self.assertEquals('GET', request.method)
-        self.assertEquals('{"answer": 42}'.encode('utf-8'), request.body)
+        self.assertEquals("http://localhost:9200/some-prefix/_search", request.url)
+        self.assertEquals("GET", request.method)
+        self.assertEquals('{"answer": 42}'.encode("utf-8"), request.body)
 
         # trace request
         self.assertEquals(1, tracer.info.call_count)
         self.assertEquals(
             "curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -XGET 'http://localhost:9200/_search?pretty' -d '{\n  \"answer\": 42\n}'",
-            tracer.info.call_args[0][0] % tracer.info.call_args[0][1:]
+            tracer.info.call_args[0][0] % tracer.info.call_args[0][1:],
         )
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_connection_pool.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_connection_pool.py
index fdbe16fdd..923497f13 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_connection_pool.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_connection_pool.py
@@ -1,14 +1,21 @@
 import time
 
-from elasticsearch.connection_pool import ConnectionPool, RoundRobinSelector, DummyConnectionPool
+from elasticsearch.connection_pool import (
+    ConnectionPool,
+    RoundRobinSelector,
+    DummyConnectionPool,
+)
 from elasticsearch.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 
 from .test_cases import TestCase
 
+
 class TestConnectionPool(TestCase):
     def test_dummy_cp_raises_exception_on_more_connections(self):
         self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured, DummyConnectionPool, [])
-        self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured, DummyConnectionPool, [object(), object()])
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ImproperlyConfigured, DummyConnectionPool, [object(), object()]
+        )
 
     def test_raises_exception_when_no_connections_defined(self):
         self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured, ConnectionPool, [])
@@ -32,13 +39,20 @@ def test_disable_shuffling(self):
     def test_selectors_have_access_to_connection_opts(self):
         class MySelector(RoundRobinSelector):
             def select(self, connections):
-                return self.connection_opts[super(MySelector, self).select(connections)]["actual"]
-        pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {"actual": x*x}) for x in range(100)], selector_class=MySelector, randomize_hosts=False)
+                return self.connection_opts[
+                    super(MySelector, self).select(connections)
+                ]["actual"]
+
+        pool = ConnectionPool(
+            [(x, {"actual": x * x}) for x in range(100)],
+            selector_class=MySelector,
+            randomize_hosts=False,
+        )
 
         connections = []
         for _ in range(100):
             connections.append(pool.get_connection())
-        self.assertEquals(connections, [x*x for x in range(100)])
+        self.assertEquals(connections, [x * x for x in range(100)])
 
     def test_dead_nodes_are_removed_from_active_connections(self):
         pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {}) for x in range(100)])
@@ -53,23 +67,26 @@ def test_connection_is_skipped_when_dead(self):
         pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {}) for x in range(2)])
         pool.mark_dead(0)
 
-        self.assertEquals([1, 1, 1], [pool.get_connection(), pool.get_connection(), pool.get_connection(), ])
+        self.assertEquals(
+            [1, 1, 1],
+            [pool.get_connection(), pool.get_connection(), pool.get_connection()],
+        )
 
     def test_connection_is_forcibly_resurrected_when_no_live_ones_are_availible(self):
         pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {}) for x in range(2)])
         pool.dead_count[0] = 1
-        pool.mark_dead(0) # failed twice, longer timeout
-        pool.mark_dead(1) # failed the first time, first to be resurrected
+        pool.mark_dead(0)  # failed twice, longer timeout
+        pool.mark_dead(1)  # failed the first time, first to be resurrected
 
         self.assertEquals([], pool.connections)
         self.assertEquals(1, pool.get_connection())
-        self.assertEquals([1,], pool.connections)
+        self.assertEquals([1], pool.connections)
 
     def test_connection_is_resurrected_after_its_timeout(self):
         pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {}) for x in range(100)])
 
         now = time.time()
-        pool.mark_dead(42, now=now-61)
+        pool.mark_dead(42, now=now - 61)
         pool.get_connection()
         self.assertEquals(42, pool.connections[-1])
         self.assertEquals(100, len(pool.connections))
@@ -89,7 +106,7 @@ def test_already_failed_connection_has_longer_timeout(self):
         pool.mark_dead(42, now=now)
 
         self.assertEquals(3, pool.dead_count[42])
-        self.assertEquals((now + 4*60, 42), pool.dead.get())
+        self.assertEquals((now + 4 * 60, 42), pool.dead.get())
 
     def test_timeout_for_failed_connections_is_limitted(self):
         pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {}) for x in range(100)])
@@ -98,7 +115,7 @@ def test_timeout_for_failed_connections_is_limitted(self):
         pool.mark_dead(42, now=now)
 
         self.assertEquals(246, pool.dead_count[42])
-        self.assertEquals((now + 32*60, 42), pool.dead.get())
+        self.assertEquals((now + 32 * 60, 42), pool.dead.get())
 
     def test_dead_count_is_wiped_clean_for_connection_if_marked_live(self):
         pool = ConnectionPool([(x, {}) for x in range(100)])
@@ -109,4 +126,3 @@ def test_dead_count_is_wiped_clean_for_connection_if_marked_live(self):
         self.assertEquals(3, pool.dead_count[42])
         pool.mark_live(42)
         self.assertNotIn(42, pool.dead_count)
-
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_exceptions.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_exceptions.py
index 985518de9..0bb0fe8b2 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_exceptions.py
@@ -5,19 +5,22 @@
 
 class TestTransformError(TestCase):
     def test_transform_error_parse_with_error_reason(self):
-        e = TransportError(500, 'InternalServerError', {
-            'error': {
-                'root_cause': [
-                    {"type": "error", "reason": "error reason"}
-                ]
-            }
-        })
+        e = TransportError(
+            500,
+            "InternalServerError",
+            {"error": {"root_cause": [{"type": "error", "reason": "error reason"}]}},
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(str(e), "TransportError(500, 'InternalServerError', 'error reason')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(e), "TransportError(500, 'InternalServerError', 'error reason')"
+        )
 
     def test_transform_error_parse_with_error_string(self):
-        e = TransportError(500, 'InternalServerError', {
-            'error': 'something error message'
-        })
+        e = TransportError(
+            500, "InternalServerError", {"error": "something error message"}
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(str(e), "TransportError(500, 'InternalServerError', 'something error message')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(e),
+            "TransportError(500, 'InternalServerError', 'something error message')",
+        )
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_serializer.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_serializer.py
index 3c7925e51..0309c5f1d 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_serializer.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_serializer.py
@@ -5,30 +5,44 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 
-from elasticsearch.serializer import JSONSerializer, Deserializer, DEFAULT_SERIALIZERS, TextSerializer
+from elasticsearch.serializer import (
+    JSONSerializer,
+    Deserializer,
+    DEFAULT_SERIALIZERS,
+    TextSerializer,
+)
 from elasticsearch.exceptions import SerializationError, ImproperlyConfigured
 
 from .test_cases import TestCase, SkipTest
 
+
 class TestJSONSerializer(TestCase):
     def test_datetime_serialization(self):
-        self.assertEquals('{"d":"2010-10-01T02:30:00"}', JSONSerializer().dumps({'d': datetime(2010, 10, 1, 2, 30)}))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            '{"d":"2010-10-01T02:30:00"}',
+            JSONSerializer().dumps({"d": datetime(2010, 10, 1, 2, 30)}),
+        )
 
     def test_decimal_serialization(self):
         if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
             raise SkipTest("Float rounding is broken in 2.6.")
-        self.assertEquals('{"d":3.8}', JSONSerializer().dumps({'d': Decimal('3.8')}))
+        self.assertEquals('{"d":3.8}', JSONSerializer().dumps({"d": Decimal("3.8")}))
 
     def test_uuid_serialization(self):
-        self.assertEquals('{"d":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003"}', JSONSerializer().dumps({'d': uuid.UUID('00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003')}))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            '{"d":"00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003"}',
+            JSONSerializer().dumps(
+                {"d": uuid.UUID("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003")}
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_raises_serialization_error_on_dump_error(self):
         self.assertRaises(SerializationError, JSONSerializer().dumps, object())
 
     def test_raises_serialization_error_on_load_error(self):
         self.assertRaises(SerializationError, JSONSerializer().loads, object())
-        self.assertRaises(SerializationError, JSONSerializer().loads, '')
-        self.assertRaises(SerializationError, JSONSerializer().loads, '{{')
+        self.assertRaises(SerializationError, JSONSerializer().loads, "")
+        self.assertRaises(SerializationError, JSONSerializer().loads, "{{")
 
     def test_strings_are_left_untouched(self):
         self.assertEquals("你好", JSONSerializer().dumps("你好"))
@@ -51,11 +65,18 @@ def test_deserializes_json_by_default(self):
         self.assertEquals({"some": "data"}, self.de.loads('{"some":"data"}'))
 
     def test_deserializes_text_with_correct_ct(self):
-        self.assertEquals('{"some":"data"}', self.de.loads('{"some":"data"}', 'text/plain'))
-        self.assertEquals('{"some":"data"}', self.de.loads('{"some":"data"}', 'text/plain; charset=whatever'))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            '{"some":"data"}', self.de.loads('{"some":"data"}', "text/plain")
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(
+            '{"some":"data"}',
+            self.de.loads('{"some":"data"}', "text/plain; charset=whatever"),
+        )
 
     def test_raises_serialization_error_on_unknown_mimetype(self):
-        self.assertRaises(SerializationError, self.de.loads, '{}', 'text/html')
+        self.assertRaises(SerializationError, self.de.loads, "{}", "text/html")
 
-    def test_raises_improperly_configured_when_default_mimetype_cannot_be_deserialized(self):
+    def test_raises_improperly_configured_when_default_mimetype_cannot_be_deserialized(
+        self
+    ):
         self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured, Deserializer, {})
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_server/__init__.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_server/__init__.py
index 9fb387895..53adbe0fb 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_server/__init__.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_server/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from elasticsearch.helpers.test import get_test_client, ElasticsearchTestCase as BaseTestCase
+from elasticsearch.helpers.test import (
+    get_test_client,
+    ElasticsearchTestCase as BaseTestCase,
+)
 
 client = None
 
+
 def get_client(**kwargs):
     global client
     if client is not None and not kwargs:
@@ -10,6 +14,7 @@ def get_client(**kwargs):
     # try and locate manual override in the local environment
     try:
         from test_elasticsearch.local import get_client as local_get_client
+
         new_client = local_get_client(**kwargs)
     except ImportError:
         # fallback to using vanilla client
@@ -24,6 +29,7 @@ def get_client(**kwargs):
 def setup():
     get_client()
 
+
 class ElasticsearchTestCase(BaseTestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def _get_client(**kwargs):
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_client.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_client.py
index 70393fd66..ed79cb4ee 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_client.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_client.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 from . import ElasticsearchTestCase
 
+
 class TestUnicode(ElasticsearchTestCase):
     def test_indices_analyze(self):
         self.client.indices.analyze(body='{"text": "привет"}')
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_helpers.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_helpers.py
index 81fc4f220..bb679e9e3 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_helpers.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_server/test_helpers.py
@@ -310,20 +310,20 @@ def test_errors_are_collected_properly(self):
 class TestScan(ElasticsearchTestCase):
     mock_scroll_responses = [
         {
-            '_scroll_id': 'dummy_id',
-            '_shards': {'successful': 4, 'total': 5},
-            'hits': {'hits': [{'scroll_data': 42}]},
+            "_scroll_id": "dummy_id",
+            "_shards": {"successful": 4, "total": 5},
+            "hits": {"hits": [{"scroll_data": 42}]},
         },
         {
-            '_scroll_id': 'dummy_id',
-            '_shards': {'successful': 4, 'total': 5},
-            'hits': {'hits': []},
+            "_scroll_id": "dummy_id",
+            "_shards": {"successful": 4, "total": 5},
+            "hits": {"hits": []},
         },
     ]
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
-        cls.client.transport.perform_request('DELETE', '/_search/scroll/_all')
+        cls.client.transport.perform_request("DELETE", "/_search/scroll/_all")
         super(TestScan, cls).tearDownClass()
 
     def test_order_can_be_preserved(self):
@@ -366,87 +366,101 @@ def test_scroll_error(self):
             bulk.append({"value": x})
         self.client.bulk(bulk, refresh=True)
 
-        with patch.object(self.client, 'scroll') as scroll_mock:
+        with patch.object(self.client, "scroll") as scroll_mock:
             scroll_mock.side_effect = self.mock_scroll_responses
-            data = list(helpers.scan(
-                self.client,
-                index='test_index',
-                size=2,
-                raise_on_error=False,
-                clear_scroll=False
-            ))
+            data = list(
+                helpers.scan(
+                    self.client,
+                    index="test_index",
+                    size=2,
+                    raise_on_error=False,
+                    clear_scroll=False,
+                )
+            )
             self.assertEqual(len(data), 3)
-            self.assertEqual(data[-1], {'scroll_data': 42})
+            self.assertEqual(data[-1], {"scroll_data": 42})
 
             scroll_mock.side_effect = self.mock_scroll_responses
             with self.assertRaises(ScanError):
-                data = list(helpers.scan(
-                    self.client,
-                    index='test_index',
-                    size=2,
-                    raise_on_error=True,
-                    clear_scroll=False
-                ))
+                data = list(
+                    helpers.scan(
+                        self.client,
+                        index="test_index",
+                        size=2,
+                        raise_on_error=True,
+                        clear_scroll=False,
+                    )
+                )
             self.assertEqual(len(data), 3)
-            self.assertEqual(data[-1], {'scroll_data': 42})
+            self.assertEqual(data[-1], {"scroll_data": 42})
 
     def test_initial_search_error(self):
-        with patch.object(self, 'client') as client_mock:
+        with patch.object(self, "client") as client_mock:
             client_mock.search.return_value = {
-                '_scroll_id': 'dummy_id',
-                '_shards': {'successful': 4, 'total': 5},
-                'hits': {'hits': [{'search_data': 1}]},
+                "_scroll_id": "dummy_id",
+                "_shards": {"successful": 4, "total": 5},
+                "hits": {"hits": [{"search_data": 1}]},
             }
             client_mock.scroll.side_effect = self.mock_scroll_responses
 
-            data = list(helpers.scan(self.client, index='test_index', size=2, raise_on_error=False))
-            self.assertEqual(data, [{'search_data': 1}, {'scroll_data': 42}])
+            data = list(
+                helpers.scan(
+                    self.client, index="test_index", size=2, raise_on_error=False
+                )
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(data, [{"search_data": 1}, {"scroll_data": 42}])
 
             client_mock.scroll.side_effect = self.mock_scroll_responses
             with self.assertRaises(ScanError):
                 data = list(
-                    helpers.scan(self.client, index='test_index', size=2, raise_on_error=True)
+                    helpers.scan(
+                        self.client, index="test_index", size=2, raise_on_error=True
+                    )
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(data, [{'search_data': 1}])
+                self.assertEqual(data, [{"search_data": 1}])
                 client_mock.scroll.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_no_scroll_id_fast_route(self):
-        with patch.object(self, 'client') as client_mock:
-            client_mock.search.return_value = {'no': '_scroll_id'}
-            data = list(helpers.scan(self.client, index='test_index'))
+        with patch.object(self, "client") as client_mock:
+            client_mock.search.return_value = {"no": "_scroll_id"}
+            data = list(helpers.scan(self.client, index="test_index"))
 
             self.assertEqual(data, [])
             client_mock.scroll.assert_not_called()
             client_mock.clear_scroll.assert_not_called()
 
-    @patch('elasticsearch.helpers.actions.logger')
+    @patch("elasticsearch.helpers.actions.logger")
     def test_logger(self, logger_mock):
         bulk = []
         for x in range(4):
-            bulk.append({'index': {'_index': 'test_index', '_type': '_doc'}})
-            bulk.append({'value': x})
+            bulk.append({"index": {"_index": "test_index", "_type": "_doc"}})
+            bulk.append({"value": x})
         self.client.bulk(bulk, refresh=True)
 
-        with patch.object(self.client, 'scroll') as scroll_mock:
+        with patch.object(self.client, "scroll") as scroll_mock:
             scroll_mock.side_effect = self.mock_scroll_responses
-            list(helpers.scan(
-                self.client,
-                index='test_index',
-                size=2,
-                raise_on_error=False,
-                clear_scroll=False
-            ))
+            list(
+                helpers.scan(
+                    self.client,
+                    index="test_index",
+                    size=2,
+                    raise_on_error=False,
+                    clear_scroll=False,
+                )
+            )
             logger_mock.warning.assert_called()
 
             scroll_mock.side_effect = self.mock_scroll_responses
             try:
-                list(helpers.scan(
-                    self.client,
-                    index='test_index',
-                    size=2,
-                    raise_on_error=True,
-                    clear_scroll=False
-                ))
+                list(
+                    helpers.scan(
+                        self.client,
+                        index="test_index",
+                        size=2,
+                        raise_on_error=True,
+                        clear_scroll=False,
+                    )
+                )
             except ScanError:
                 pass
             logger_mock.warning.assert_called()
@@ -454,20 +468,28 @@ def test_logger(self, logger_mock):
     def test_clear_scroll(self):
         bulk = []
         for x in range(4):
-            bulk.append({'index': {'_index': 'test_index', '_type': '_doc'}})
-            bulk.append({'value': x})
+            bulk.append({"index": {"_index": "test_index", "_type": "_doc"}})
+            bulk.append({"value": x})
         self.client.bulk(bulk, refresh=True)
 
-        with patch.object(self.client, 'clear_scroll', wraps=self.client.clear_scroll) as spy:
-            list(helpers.scan(self.client, index='test_index', size=2))
+        with patch.object(
+            self.client, "clear_scroll", wraps=self.client.clear_scroll
+        ) as spy:
+            list(helpers.scan(self.client, index="test_index", size=2))
             spy.assert_called_once()
 
             spy.reset_mock()
-            list(helpers.scan(self.client, index='test_index', size=2, clear_scroll=True))
+            list(
+                helpers.scan(self.client, index="test_index", size=2, clear_scroll=True)
+            )
             spy.assert_called_once()
 
             spy.reset_mock()
-            list(helpers.scan(self.client, index='test_index', size=2, clear_scroll=False))
+            list(
+                helpers.scan(
+                    self.client, index="test_index", size=2, clear_scroll=False
+                )
+            )
             spy.assert_not_called()
 
 
diff --git a/test_elasticsearch/test_transport.py b/test_elasticsearch/test_transport.py
index 50acb7fae..c2b7a10a8 100644
--- a/test_elasticsearch/test_transport.py
+++ b/test_elasticsearch/test_transport.py
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@
 
 from .test_cases import TestCase
 
+
 class DummyConnection(Connection):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        self.exception = kwargs.pop('exception', None)
-        self.status, self.data = kwargs.pop('status', 200), kwargs.pop('data', '{}')
-        self.headers = kwargs.pop('headers', {})
+        self.exception = kwargs.pop("exception", None)
+        self.status, self.data = kwargs.pop("status", 200), kwargs.pop("data", "{}")
+        self.headers = kwargs.pop("headers", {})
         self.calls = []
         super(DummyConnection, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@ def perform_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
             raise self.exception
         return self.status, self.headers, self.data
 
-CLUSTER_NODES = '''{
+
+CLUSTER_NODES = """{
   "_nodes" : {
     "total" : 1,
     "successful" : 1,
@@ -46,18 +48,23 @@ def perform_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
       }
     }
   }
-}'''
+}"""
+
 
 class TestHostsInfoCallback(TestCase):
     def test_master_only_nodes_are_ignored(self):
         nodes = [
-            {'roles': [ "master"]},
-            {'roles': [ "master", "data", "ingest"]},
-            {'roles': [ "data", "ingest"]},
-            {'roles': [ ]},
-            {}
+            {"roles": ["master"]},
+            {"roles": ["master", "data", "ingest"]},
+            {"roles": ["data", "ingest"]},
+            {"roles": []},
+            {},
+        ]
+        chosen = [
+            i
+            for i, node_info in enumerate(nodes)
+            if get_host_info(node_info, i) is not None
         ]
-        chosen = [i for i, node_info in enumerate(nodes) if get_host_info(node_info, i) is not None]
         self.assertEquals([1, 2, 3, 4], chosen)
 
 
@@ -65,57 +72,70 @@ class TestTransport(TestCase):
     def test_single_connection_uses_dummy_connection_pool(self):
         t = Transport([{}])
         self.assertIsInstance(t.connection_pool, DummyConnectionPool)
-        t = Transport([{'host': 'localhost'}])
+        t = Transport([{"host": "localhost"}])
         self.assertIsInstance(t.connection_pool, DummyConnectionPool)
 
     def test_request_timeout_extracted_from_params_and_passed(self):
         t = Transport([{}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/', params={'request_timeout': 42})
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/", params={"request_timeout": 42})
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.get_connection().calls))
-        self.assertEquals(('GET', '/', {}, None), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
-        self.assertEquals({'timeout': 42, 'ignore': (), 'headers': None}, t.get_connection().calls[0][1])
+        self.assertEquals(("GET", "/", {}, None), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
+        self.assertEquals(
+            {"timeout": 42, "ignore": (), "headers": None},
+            t.get_connection().calls[0][1],
+        )
 
     def test_send_get_body_as_source(self):
-        t = Transport([{}], send_get_body_as='source', connection_class=DummyConnection)
+        t = Transport([{}], send_get_body_as="source", connection_class=DummyConnection)
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/', body={})
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/", body={})
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.get_connection().calls))
-        self.assertEquals(('GET', '/', {'source': '{}'}, None), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
+        self.assertEquals(
+            ("GET", "/", {"source": "{}"}, None), t.get_connection().calls[0][0]
+        )
 
     def test_send_get_body_as_post(self):
-        t = Transport([{}], send_get_body_as='POST', connection_class=DummyConnection)
+        t = Transport([{}], send_get_body_as="POST", connection_class=DummyConnection)
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/', body={})
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/", body={})
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.get_connection().calls))
-        self.assertEquals(('POST', '/', None, b'{}'), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
+        self.assertEquals(("POST", "/", None, b"{}"), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
 
     def test_body_gets_encoded_into_bytes(self):
         t = Transport([{}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/', body='你好')
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/", body="你好")
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.get_connection().calls))
-        self.assertEquals(('GET', '/', None, b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
+        self.assertEquals(
+            ("GET", "/", None, b"\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd"),
+            t.get_connection().calls[0][0],
+        )
 
     def test_body_bytes_get_passed_untouched(self):
         t = Transport([{}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
 
-        body = b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/', body=body)
+        body = b"\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd"
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/", body=body)
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.get_connection().calls))
-        self.assertEquals(('GET', '/', None, body), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
+        self.assertEquals(("GET", "/", None, body), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])
 
     def test_body_surrogates_replaced_encoded_into_bytes(self):
         t = Transport([{}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/', body='你好\uda6a')
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/", body="你好\uda6a")
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.get_connection().calls))
-        self.assertEquals(('GET', '/', None, b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd\xed\xa9\xaa'), t.get_connection().calls[0][0])        
-                
+        self.assertEquals(
+            ("GET", "/", None, b"\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd\xed\xa9\xaa"),
+            t.get_connection().calls[0][0],
+        )
+
     def test_kwargs_passed_on_to_connections(self):
-        t = Transport([{'host': 'google.com'}], port=123)
+        t = Transport([{"host": "google.com"}], port=123)
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
-        self.assertEquals('http://google.com:123', t.connection_pool.connections[0].host)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            "http://google.com:123", t.connection_pool.connections[0].host
+        )
 
     def test_kwargs_passed_on_to_connection_pool(self):
         dt = object()
@@ -126,6 +146,7 @@ def test_custom_connection_class(self):
         class MyConnection(object):
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 self.kwargs = kwargs
+
         t = Transport([{}], connection_class=MyConnection)
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
         self.assertIsInstance(t.connection_pool.connections[0], MyConnection)
@@ -135,18 +156,26 @@ def test_add_connection(self):
         t.add_connection({"host": "google.com", "port": 1234})
 
         self.assertEquals(2, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
-        self.assertEquals('http://google.com:1234', t.connection_pool.connections[1].host)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            "http://google.com:1234", t.connection_pool.connections[1].host
+        )
 
     def test_request_will_fail_after_X_retries(self):
-        t = Transport([{'exception': ConnectionError('abandon ship')}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"exception": ConnectionError("abandon ship")}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+        )
 
-        self.assertRaises(ConnectionError, t.perform_request, 'GET', '/')
+        self.assertRaises(ConnectionError, t.perform_request, "GET", "/")
         self.assertEquals(4, len(t.get_connection().calls))
 
     def test_failed_connection_will_be_marked_as_dead(self):
-        t = Transport([{'exception': ConnectionError('abandon ship')}] * 2, connection_class=DummyConnection)
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"exception": ConnectionError("abandon ship")}] * 2,
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+        )
 
-        self.assertRaises(ConnectionError, t.perform_request, 'GET', '/')
+        self.assertRaises(ConnectionError, t.perform_request, "GET", "/")
         self.assertEquals(0, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
 
     def test_resurrected_connection_will_be_marked_as_live_on_success(self):
@@ -156,35 +185,57 @@ def test_resurrected_connection_will_be_marked_as_live_on_success(self):
         t.connection_pool.mark_dead(con1)
         t.connection_pool.mark_dead(con2)
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/')
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/")
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.dead_count))
 
     def test_sniff_will_use_seed_connections(self):
-        t = Transport([{'data': CLUSTER_NODES}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
-        t.set_connections([{'data': 'invalid'}])
+        t = Transport([{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}], connection_class=DummyConnection)
+        t.set_connections([{"data": "invalid"}])
 
         t.sniff_hosts()
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
-        self.assertEquals('http://1.1.1.1:123', t.get_connection().host)
+        self.assertEquals("http://1.1.1.1:123", t.get_connection().host)
 
     def test_sniff_on_start_fetches_and_uses_nodes_list(self):
-        t = Transport([{'data': CLUSTER_NODES}], connection_class=DummyConnection, sniff_on_start=True)
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+            sniff_on_start=True,
+        )
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
-        self.assertEquals('http://1.1.1.1:123', t.get_connection().host)
+        self.assertEquals("http://1.1.1.1:123", t.get_connection().host)
 
     def test_sniff_on_start_ignores_sniff_timeout(self):
-        t = Transport([{'data': CLUSTER_NODES}], connection_class=DummyConnection, sniff_on_start=True, sniff_timeout=12)
-        self.assertEquals((('GET', '/_nodes/_all/http'), {'timeout': None}), t.seed_connections[0].calls[0])
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+            sniff_on_start=True,
+            sniff_timeout=12,
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(
+            (("GET", "/_nodes/_all/http"), {"timeout": None}),
+            t.seed_connections[0].calls[0],
+        )
 
     def test_sniff_uses_sniff_timeout(self):
-        t = Transport([{'data': CLUSTER_NODES}], connection_class=DummyConnection, sniff_timeout=42)
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+            sniff_timeout=42,
+        )
         t.sniff_hosts()
-        self.assertEquals((('GET', '/_nodes/_all/http'), {'timeout': 42}), t.seed_connections[0].calls[0])
-
+        self.assertEquals(
+            (("GET", "/_nodes/_all/http"), {"timeout": 42}),
+            t.seed_connections[0].calls[0],
+        )
 
     def test_sniff_reuses_connection_instances_if_possible(self):
-        t = Transport([{'data': CLUSTER_NODES}, {"host": "1.1.1.1", "port": 123}], connection_class=DummyConnection, randomize_hosts=False)
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}, {"host": "1.1.1.1", "port": 123}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+            randomize_hosts=False,
+        )
         connection = t.connection_pool.connections[1]
 
         t.sniff_hosts()
@@ -192,25 +243,32 @@ def test_sniff_reuses_connection_instances_if_possible(self):
         self.assertIs(connection, t.get_connection())
 
     def test_sniff_on_fail_triggers_sniffing_on_fail(self):
-        t = Transport([{'exception': ConnectionError('abandon ship')}, {"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
-            connection_class=DummyConnection, sniff_on_connection_fail=True, max_retries=0, randomize_hosts=False)
-
-        self.assertRaises(ConnectionError, t.perform_request, 'GET', '/')
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"exception": ConnectionError("abandon ship")}, {"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+            sniff_on_connection_fail=True,
+            max_retries=0,
+            randomize_hosts=False,
+        )
+
+        self.assertRaises(ConnectionError, t.perform_request, "GET", "/")
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
-        self.assertEquals('http://1.1.1.1:123', t.get_connection().host)
+        self.assertEquals("http://1.1.1.1:123", t.get_connection().host)
 
     def test_sniff_after_n_seconds(self):
-        t = Transport([{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
-            connection_class=DummyConnection, sniffer_timeout=5)
+        t = Transport(
+            [{"data": CLUSTER_NODES}],
+            connection_class=DummyConnection,
+            sniffer_timeout=5,
+        )
 
         for _ in range(4):
-            t.perform_request('GET', '/')
+            t.perform_request("GET", "/")
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
         self.assertIsInstance(t.get_connection(), DummyConnection)
         t.last_sniff = time.time() - 5.1
 
-        t.perform_request('GET', '/')
+        t.perform_request("GET", "/")
         self.assertEquals(1, len(t.connection_pool.connections))
-        self.assertEquals('http://1.1.1.1:123', t.get_connection().host)
-        self.assertTrue(time.time() - 1 < t.last_sniff < time.time() + 0.01 )
-
+        self.assertEquals("http://1.1.1.1:123", t.get_connection().host)
+        self.assertTrue(time.time() - 1 < t.last_sniff < time.time() + 0.01)