Hello,
the current 2019-CU22-ubuntu-20.04 based image crashes on startup with SIGABRT when running on Ubuntu 24.04 while 2019-CU32-ubuntu-20.04 (the current latest, 2025-02-27) runs fine.
I made some tests and the first CU running without a crash is 2019-CU26-ubuntu-20.04 (12 months ago):

$ docker run --rm -e ACCEPT_EULA=Y -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=yourStrong(!)Password' mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-CU26-ubuntu-20.04

This has been also reported in moodlehq/moodle-docker#322.

HTH,
Matteo