diff --git a/library/std/src/keyword_docs.rs b/library/std/src/keyword_docs.rs index 1c55824ab9061..3317ac396a0ce 100644 --- a/library/std/src/keyword_docs.rs +++ b/library/std/src/keyword_docs.rs @@ -1257,6 +1257,105 @@ mod ref_keyword {} /// [`async`]: ../std/keyword.async.html mod return_keyword {} +#[doc(keyword = "become")] +// +/// Perform a tail-call of a function. +/// +///
+/// +/// `feature(explicit_tail_calls)` is currently incomplete and may not work properly. +///
+/// +/// When tail calling a function, instead of its stack frame being added to the +/// stack, the stack frame of the caller is directly replaced with the callee's. +/// This means that as long as a loop in a call graph only uses tail calls, the +/// stack growth will be bounded. +/// +/// This is useful for writing functional-style code (since it prevent recursion +/// from exhausting resources) or for code optimization (since a tail call +/// *might* be cheaper than a normal call, tail calls can be used in a similar +/// manner to computed goto). +/// +/// Example of using `become` to implement functional-style `fold`: +/// ``` +/// #![feature(explicit_tail_calls)] +/// #![expect(incomplete_features)] +/// +/// fn fold(slice: &[T], init: S, f: impl Fn(S, T) -> S) -> S { +/// match slice { +/// // without `become`, on big inputs this could easily overflow the +/// // stack. using a tail call guarantees that the stack will not grow unboundly +/// [first, rest @ ..] => become fold(rest, f(init, *first), f), +/// [] => init, +/// } +/// } +/// ``` +/// +/// Compiler can already perform "tail call optimization" -- it can replace +/// normal calls with tail calls (although no guarantees if it will perform it). +/// However, to perform TCO, the call needs to be the last thing that happens +/// in the functions and be returned from it. This requirement is often broken +/// by drop code for locals, which is run after computing the return expression: +/// +/// ``` +/// fn example() { +/// let string = "meow".to_owned(); +/// println!("{string}"); +/// return help(); // this is *not* the last thing that happens in `example`... +/// } +/// +/// // ... because it is desugared to this: +/// fn example_desugared() { +/// let string = "meow".to_owned(); +/// println!("{string}"); +/// let tmp = help(); +/// drop(string); +/// return tmp; +/// } +/// +/// fn help() {} +/// ``` +/// +/// For this reason `become` also changes the drop order, such that locals are +/// dropped *before* evaluating the call. +/// +/// In order to guarantee that the compiler can perform a tail call, `become` +/// currently has these requirements: +/// 1. callee and caller must have the same ABI, arguments and return type +/// 2. callee and caller must not have varargs +/// 3. callee and caller must not be marked with `#[track_caller]` +/// 4. callee and caller cannot be a closure +/// (unless it's coerced to a function pointer) +/// +/// It is possible to tail-call a function pointer: +/// ``` +/// #![feature(explicit_tail_calls)] +/// #![expect(incomplete_features)] +/// +/// #[derive(Copy, Clone)] +/// enum Inst { Inc, Dec } +/// +/// fn dispatch(stream: &[Inst], state: u32) -> u32 { +/// const TABLE: &[fn(&[Inst], u32) -> u32] = &[increment, decrement]; +/// match stream { +/// [inst, rest @ ..] => become TABLE[*inst as usize](rest, state), +/// [] => state, +/// } +/// } +/// +/// fn increment(stream: &[Inst], state: u32) -> u32 { +/// become dispatch(stream, state + 1) +/// } +/// +/// fn decrement(stream: &[Inst], state: u32) -> u32 { +/// become dispatch(stream, state - 1) +/// } +/// +/// let program = &[Inst::Inc, Inst::Inc, Inst::Dec, Inst::Inc]; +/// assert_eq!(dispatch(program, 0), 2); +/// ``` +mod become_keyword {} + #[doc(keyword = "self")] // /// The receiver of a method, or the current module.