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# Type Conversions | ||
# Conversões de Tipo | ||
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Most of the time, operators and functions automatically convert the values given to them to the right type. | ||
Na maior parte do tempo, operadores e funções convertem os valores dados a eles para o tipo certo automaticamente. | ||
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For example, `alert` automatically converts any value to a string to show it. Mathematical operations convert values to numbers. | ||
Por exemplo, `alert` converte automaticamente qualquer valor para string antes de mostrá-lo. Operações matemáticas convertem os valores para number. | ||
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There are also cases when we need to explicitly convert a value to the expected type. | ||
Também existem casos em que precisamos explicitamente converter um valor para o tipo que precisamos. | ||
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```smart header="Not talking about objects yet" | ||
In this chapter, we won't cover objects. For now we'll just be talking about primitives. | ||
```smart header="Não vamos falar sobre objetos" | ||
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Nesse capítulo, não vamos falar sobre objetos. Por agora, vamos abordar apenas os tipos primitivos. | ||
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Later, after we learn about objects, in the chapter <info:object-toprimitive> we'll see how objects fit in. | ||
Mais tarde, após abordarmos objetos no capítulo <info:object-toprimitive>, veremos como objetos se comportam em conversões de tipo. | ||
``` | ||
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## String Conversion | ||
## Conversões para String | ||
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String conversion happens when we need the string form of a value. | ||
As conversões para string acontecem quando precisamos da forma string de um valor. | ||
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For example, `alert(value)` does it to show the value. | ||
Por exemplo, `alert(valor)` faz isso para mostrar `valor`. | ||
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We can also call the `String(value)` function to convert a value to a string: | ||
Também podemos usar a função `String(value)` para converter um valor para string: | ||
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```js run | ||
let value = true; | ||
alert(typeof value); // boolean | ||
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*!* | ||
value = String(value); // now value is a string "true" | ||
value = String(value); // agora value é uma string "true" | ||
alert(typeof value); // string | ||
*/!* | ||
``` | ||
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String conversion is mostly obvious. A `false` becomes `"false"`, `null` becomes `"null"`, etc. | ||
Conversões para string são as mais fáceis. `false` se torna `"false"`, `null` vira `"null"`, e assim por diante. | ||
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## Conversões Numéricas | ||
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## Numeric Conversion | ||
As conversões numéricas acontecem automaticamente em funções e expressões matemáticas. | ||
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Numeric conversion happens in mathematical functions and expressions automatically. | ||
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For example, when division `/` is applied to non-numbers: | ||
Por exemplo, quando `/` é usado em valores que não são number: | ||
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```js run | ||
alert( "6" / "2" ); // 3, strings are converted to numbers | ||
alert( "6" / "2" ); // 3, strings viram numbers | ||
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``` | ||
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We can use the `Number(value)` function to explicitly convert a `value` to a number: | ||
Podemos usar a função Number(`valor`) para converter `valor` para number. | ||
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```js run | ||
let str = "123"; | ||
alert(typeof str); // string | ||
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let num = Number(str); // becomes a number 123 | ||
let num = Number(str); // vira um number: 123 | ||
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alert(typeof num); // number | ||
``` | ||
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Explicit conversion is usually required when we read a value from a string-based source like a text form but expect a number to be entered. | ||
Conversões explícitas geralmente são obrigatórias quando estamos obtendo um valor de uma fonte baseada em string - como um texto - mas esperamos um receber um valor numérico. | ||
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If the string is not a valid number, the result of such a conversion is `NaN`. For instance: | ||
Se a string não é um valor numérico válido, o resultado da conversão é `NaN`. Por exemplo: | ||
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```js run | ||
let age = Number("an arbitrary string instead of a number"); | ||
let age = Number("uma string ao invés de um number"); | ||
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alert(age); // NaN, conversion failed | ||
alert(age); // NaN, conversão falhou | ||
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``` | ||
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Numeric conversion rules: | ||
Regras de conversões numéricas: | ||
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| Value | Becomes... | | ||
| Valor | Se torna... | | ||
|-------|-------------| | ||
|`undefined`|`NaN`| | ||
|`null`|`0`| | ||
|<code>true and false</code> | `1` and `0` | | ||
| `string` | Whitespaces from the start and end are removed. If the remaining string is empty, the result is `0`. Otherwise, the number is "read" from the string. An error gives `NaN`. | | ||
|`true` e `false` | `1` e `0` | | ||
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| `string` | Espaços em branco do início e do fim são removidos. Se a string que sobrar for vazia, o resultado é `0`. Senão, o número é "lido" a partir da string. Um erro nos dá `NaN`| | ||
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Examples: | ||
Exemplos: | ||
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```js run | ||
alert( Number(" 123 ") ); // 123 | ||
alert( Number("123z") ); // NaN (error reading a number at "z") | ||
alert( Number("123z") ); // NaN (Erro ao ler "z") | ||
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alert( Number(true) ); // 1 | ||
alert( Number(false) ); // 0 | ||
``` | ||
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Please note that `null` and `undefined` behave differently here: `null` becomes zero while `undefined` becomes `NaN`. | ||
Note que `null` e `undefined` se comportam de maneira diferente: `null` se torna zero, enquanto `undefined` vira `NaN`. | ||
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Most mathematical operators also perform such conversion, we'll see that in the next chapter. | ||
A maioria dos operadores matemáticos também performam essa conversão, na qual veremos no próximo capítulo. | ||
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## Boolean Conversion | ||
## Conversões Booleanas | ||
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Boolean conversion is the simplest one. | ||
Conversões booleanas são as mais simples de todas. | ||
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It happens in logical operations (later we'll meet condition tests and other similar things) but can also be performed explicitly with a call to `Boolean(value)`. | ||
Acontecem em uma operação lógica (depois veremos testes de condição e outras coisas similares), mas também podem acontecer explicitamente ao usar a função `Boolean(valor)`. | ||
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The conversion rule: | ||
A regra de conversão: | ||
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- Values that are intuitively "empty", like `0`, an empty string, `null`, `undefined`, and `NaN`, become `false`. | ||
- Other values become `true`. | ||
- Valores que são intuitivamente "vazios", como "0", uma string vazia (""), `null`, `undefined` e `NaN`, viram `false`. | ||
- Outras valores viram `true`. | ||
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For instance: | ||
Por exemplo: | ||
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```js run | ||
alert( Boolean(1) ); // true | ||
alert( Boolean(0) ); // false | ||
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alert( Boolean("hello") ); // true | ||
alert( Boolean("Olá") ); // true | ||
alert( Boolean("") ); // false | ||
``` | ||
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````warn header="Please note: the string with zero `\"0\"` is `true`" | ||
Some languages (namely PHP) treat `"0"` as `false`. But in JavaScript, a non-empty string is always `true`. | ||
````warn header="Note que uma string com um zero `\"0\"` é `true`" | ||
Algumas linguagens de programação (isto é, PHP), tratam `\"0\"` como `false`. Mas no JavaScript, uma string não-vazia sempre é `true`. | ||
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```js run | ||
alert( Boolean("0") ); // true | ||
alert( Boolean(" ") ); // spaces, also true (any non-empty string is true) | ||
alert( Boolean(" ") ); // espaços também são true (toda string não-vazia se torna true) | ||
``` | ||
```` | ||
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## Summary | ||
## Sumário | ||
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The three most widely used type conversions are to string, to number, and to boolean. | ||
As três conversões mais comuns são para string, number e boolean. | ||
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**`String Conversion`** -- Occurs when we output something. Can be performed with `String(value)`. The conversion to string is usually obvious for primitive values. | ||
**`Conversões para String`** -- Ocorrem quando mostramos algum valor. Podem ser explicitamente feitas com `String(valor)`. As conversões para string geralmente é obvia em tipos primitivos. | ||
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**`Numeric Conversion`** -- Occurs in math operations. Can be performed with `Number(value)`. | ||
**`Conversões Numéricas`** -- Ocorrem em operações matemáticas. Podem ser feitas com `Number(valor)`. | ||
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The conversion follows the rules: | ||
A conversão segue as seguintes regras: | ||
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| Value | Becomes... | | ||
| Valor | Se torna... | | ||
|-------|-------------| | ||
|`undefined`|`NaN`| | ||
|`null`|`0`| | ||
|<code>true / false</code> | `1 / 0` | | ||
| `string` | The string is read "as is", whitespaces from both sides are ignored. An empty string becomes `0`. An error gives `NaN`. | | ||
|`true` e `false` | `1` e `0` | | ||
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| `string` | Espaços em branco do início e do fim são removidos. Se a string que sobrar for vazia, o resultado é `0`. Senão, o número é "lido" a partir da string. Um erro nos dá `NaN`| | ||
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**`Boolean Conversion`** -- Occurs in logical operations. Can be performed with `Boolean(value)`. | ||
**`Conversões Booleanas`** -- Ocorrem em operações lógicas. Podem ser feitas com `Boolean(valor)`. | ||
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Follows the rules: | ||
Seguem as regras: | ||
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| Value | Becomes... | | ||
| Valor | Se torna... | | ||
|-------|-------------| | ||
|`0`, `null`, `undefined`, `NaN`, `""` |`false`| | ||
|any other value| `true` | | ||
|qualquer outro valor| `true` | | ||
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Most of these rules are easy to understand and memorize. The notable exceptions where people usually make mistakes are: | ||
A maior parte dessas regras são fáceis de entender e memorizar. Exceções notáveis em que as pessoas geralmente erram são: | ||
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- `undefined` is `NaN` as a number, not `0`. | ||
- `"0"` and space-only strings like `" "` are true as a boolean. | ||
- `Number(undefined)` vira `NaN`, não `0`. | ||
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- `"0"` e strings só com espaço `" "` são `true` como booleanos. | ||
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Objects aren't covered here. We'll return to them later in the chapter <info:object-toprimitive> that is devoted exclusively to objects after we learn more basic things about JavaScript. | ||
Objetos não são citados aqui. Retornaremos depois no capítulo <info:object-toprimitive> que é dedicado exclusivamente para objetos, após aprendermos coisas mais básicas de JavaScript. | ||
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